Time value of money

Ms Chandrima Das

What is time value of money

Value of anything changes with time . Value of money changes faster with time . Value of 100 /- is not same as tommorow 100 /- may valued as 90 /- or 105/-

Illustration
Which would u prefer Rs 10000 /- today Or Rs 10000 /- in 5 years

Obviously Rs 10000 /- Today You already recognize that there is Time Value of money

Why Time preference for money

Risk
Uncertainity happens (illness,death ,inflation etc )

Preference for consumption

Utilising money for consumption Of goods and services

Investment opportunities
Investing the money to get More value in future

The time factor Why important

Since it allows you to postpone consumption and earn interest by investment What is interest It is nothing but time preference rate ,compensation for both time and risk Rate for foregoing the opportunity of receiving the Rs 100 /- now if he is offered Rs 105/- after 1 year (Rs 5 is the interest )
Required rate of return = risk free rate + Risk premium

Types of interest
Simple Interest Interest paid (earned ) on only the orginal amount ,or principal ,borrowed (lent) Compound interest Interest paid (earned) on any previous interest earned as well as on the principal borrowed

Simple interest formula

Formula
SI= (P* I *T)

SI= Simple interest P= Principal I= Interest rate T= Time period

Simple Interest Example

Assume that you deposit $1,000 in an account earning 7% simple interest for 2 years. What is the accumulated interest at the end of the 2nd year?

SI = P0(i)(n) = $1,000(.07)(2) = $140

Simple Interest (FV)

What is the Future Value (FV) of the deposit? FV = P0 + SI = $1,000 + $140 = $1,140 Future Value is the value at some future time of a present amount of money, or a series of payments, evaluated at a given interest rate. FV

Simple Interest (PV)

What is the Present Value (PV) of the previous PV problem? The Present Value is simply the $1,000 you originally deposited. That is the value today! Present Value is the current value of a future amount of money, or a series of payments, evaluated at a given interest rate.

Why Compound Interest?

Future Value of a Single $1,000 Deposit
20000

Future Value (U.S. Dollars)

15000 10000 5000 0 1st Year 10th Year 20th Year 30th Year

10% Sim p le Interest 7% Com po und Interest 10% Com pound Interest

Future Value Single Deposit (Graphic)

Assume that you deposit $1,000 at a compound interest rate of 7% for 2 years. years

7%

$1,000
FV2

Future Value Single Deposit (Formula)

FV1 = $1,000 (1.07) = $1,070 Compound Interest You earned $70 interest on your $1,000 deposit over the first year. This is the same amount of interest you would earn under simple interest. = P0 (1+i)1

Future Value Future Value Single Deposit (Formula) Single Deposit (Formula)
FV1 = P0 (1+i)1 = $1,000 (1.07) = $1,070

FV2 = FV1 (1+i)1 = P0 (1+i)(1+i) = $1,000(1.07)(1.07) $1,000 = P0 (1+i)2 = $1,000(1.07)2 $1,000 = $1,144.90
You earned an EXTRA $4.90 in Year 2 with compound over simple interest.

General Future Value Formula

FV1 = P0(1+i)1 FV2 = P0(1+i)2 General Future Value Formula: FVn = P0 (1+i)n or FVn = P0 (FVIFi,n) -- See Table
etc.

Valuation Using Table I

FVIFi,n is found on Table I
Period 1 2 3 4 5
at the end of the book.

6%

7% 1.070 1.145 1.225 1.311 1.403

8% 1.080 1.166 1.260 1.360 1.469

1.060 1.124 1.191 1.262 1.338

Using Future Value Tables

FV2 = $1,000 (FVIF7% ) ,2 = $1,000 (1.145) = $1,145 [Due to Rounding]

Double Your Money!!!

Quick! How long does it take to double $5,000 at a compound rate of 12% per year (approx.)?

We will use the Rule-of-72.

The Rule-of-72
Quick! How long does it take to double $5,000 at a compound rate of 12% per year (approx.)?

Approx. Years to Double = 72 / i% 72 / 12% = 6 Years [Actual Time is 6.12 Years]

Present Value Single Deposit (Graphic)

Assume that you need $1,000 in 2 years. Lets examine the process to determine how much you need to deposit today at a discount rate of 7% compounded annually.

7%

$1,000
PV0 PV1

Present Value Single Deposit (Formula)

PV0 = FV2 / (1+i)2 = $1,000 / (1.07)2 = FV2 / (1+i)2 = $873.44

7%

PV0

$1,000

General Present Value Formula

PV0 = FV1 / (1+i)1 PV0 = FV2 / (1+i)2 General Present Value Formula: PV0 = FVn / (1+i)n or PV0 = FVn (PVIFi,n) -- See Table

Valuation Using Table II

PVIFi,n is found on Table II
at the end of the book.

Period 1 2 3 4 5

6% .943 .890 .840 .792 .747

7% .935 .873 .816 .763 .713

8% .926 .857 .794 .735 .681

Using Present Value Tables Using Present Value Tables

PV2 = $1,000 (PVIF7% ) ,2 = $1,000 (.873) = $873 [Due to Rounding]

Types of Annuities
x

An Annuity represents a series of equal payments (or receipts) occurring over a specified number of equidistant periods.
Ordinary Annuity: Payments or receipts occur at the Annuity end of each period. Annuity Due: Payments or receipts occur at the Due beginning of each period.

Examples of Annuities
Student Loan Payments Car Loan Payments Insurance Premiums Mortgage Payments Retirement Savings

Parts of an Annuity
(Ordinary Annuity) End of Period 1 End of Period 2 End of Period 3

1 $100

2 $100

3 $100

Today

Equal Cash Flows Each 1 Period Apart

Parts of an Annuity
(Annuity Due) Beginning of Period 1 Beginning of Period 2 Beginning of Period 3

0 $100

1 $100

2 $100

Today

Equal Cash Flows Each 1 Period Apart

Overview of an Ordinary Annuity -- FVA

Cash flows occur at the end of the period

0 i%

1 R
R = Periodic Cash Flow

n+1

. . .
R R

FVAn FVAn = R(1+i)n-1 + R(1+i)n-2 + ... + R(1+i)1 + R(1+i)0

Example of an Ordinary Annuity -- FVA

Cash flows occur at the end of the period

0 7%

1 $1,000

2 $1,000

3 $1,000 $1,070 $1,145

$3,215 = FVA3
FVA3 = $1,000(1.07)2 + $1,000(1.07)1 + $1,000(1.07)0 = $1,145 + $1,070 + $1,000 = $3,215

Hint on Annuity Valuation

The future value of an ordinary annuity can be viewed as occurring at the end of the last cash flow period, whereas the future value of an annuity due can be viewed as occurring at the beginning of the last cash flow period.

Valuation Using Table

FVAn FVA3 = R (FVIFAi% n) , = $1,000 ((FVIFA7% ,3) = $1,000 ((3.215))= $3,215

Perio

Overview View of an Annuity Due -- FVAD

Cash flows occur at the beginning of the period

0 i% R

1 R

2 R

3 R

. . .

n-1 R

FVADn = R(1+i)n + R(1+i)n-1 + ... + R(1+i)2 + R(1+i)1 FVAn (1+i)

FVADn =

Example of an Annuity Due -- FVAD

Cash flows occur at the beginning of the period

0 7% $1,000

1 $1,000

2 $1,000

3 $1,070 $1,145 $1,225

$3,440 = FVAD 3
FVAD3 = $1,000(1.07)3 + $1,000(1.07)2 + $1,000(1.07)1 = $1,225 + $1,145 + $1,070 = $3,440

Valuation Using Table

FVADn FVAD3 = R (FVIFAi% ) (1+i) ,n = $1,000 (FVIFA7% )(1.07) ,3 = $1,000 (3.215)(1.07) = $3,440

Perio

Overview of an Ordinary Annuity -- PVA

Cash flows occur at the end of the period

0 i%

1 R

n+1

. . .
R R R = Periodic Cash Flow

PVAn

PVAn = R/(1+i)1 + R/(1+i)2 + ... + R/(1+i)n

Example of an Ordinary Annuity -- PVA

Cash flows occur at the end of the period

7%

1 $1,000

2 $1,000

3 $1,000

$934.58 $873.44 $816.30

$2,624.32 = PVA3

PVA3 =

$1,000/(1.07)1 + $1,000/(1.07)2 + $1,000/(1.07)3 = $934.58 + $873.44 + $816.30 = $2,624.32

Hint on Annuity Valuation

The present value of an ordinary annuity can be viewed as occurring at the beginning of the first cash flow period, whereas the present value of an annuity due can be viewed as occurring at the end of the first cash flow period.

Valuation Using Table IV

PVAn PVA3 = R (PVIFAi% ) ,n = $1,000 (PVIFA7% ) ,3 = $1,000 (2.624) = $2,624

Perio

Overview of an Annuity Due -- PVAD

Cash flows occur at the beginning of the period

0 i% R

1 R

n-1

. . .
R R

PVADn
PVADn = R/(1+i)0 + R/(1+i)1 + ... + R/(1+i)n-1

R: Periodic Cash Flow

= PVAn (1+i)

Example of an Annuity Due -- PVAD

Cash flows occur at the beginning of the period

0 7% $1,000.00 $ 934.58 $ 873.44

1 $1,000

2 $1,000

$2,808.02 = PVADn

PVADn = $1,000/(1.07)0 + $1,000/(1.07)1 + $1,000/(1.07)2 = $2,808.02

Valuation Using Table IV

PVADn = R (PVIFAi% )(1+i) ,n PVAD3 = $1,000 (PVIFA7% )(1.07) ,3 = $1,000 (2.624)(1.07) = $2,808

Perio

Mixed Flows Example

Ravi will receive the set of cash flows below. What is the Present Value at a discount rate of 10%. 10%

10% $600

$600 $400 $400 $100

PV0

Frequency of Compounding
General Formula: FVn = PV0(1 + [i/m])mn
n: Number of Years m: Compounding Periods per Year i: Annual Interest Rate FVn,m: FV at the end of Year n PV0 : PV of the Cash Flow today

Impact of Frequency
Ravi has Rs.1,000 to invest for 2 Years at an annual interest rate of 12%. Annual FV2 = 1,000(1+ [.12/1])(1)(2) 1,000 = 1,254.40 Semi FV2 = 1,000(1+ [.12/2])(2)(2) 1,000 = 1,262.48

Impact of Frequency
Qrtly FV2 = 1,000(1+ [.12/4])(4)(2) 1,000 = 1,266.77 Monthly FV2 = 1,000(1+ [.12/12])(12)(2) 1,000 = 1,269.73 Daily FV2 = 1,000(1+[.12/365])(365)(2) 1,000 = 1,271.20

Effective Annual Interest Rate

Effective Annual Interest Rate
The actual rate of interest earned (paid) after adjusting the nominal rate for factors such as the number of compounding periods per year.

(1 + [ i / m ] )m - 1