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Tension __________: a pulling force that acts to lengthen the thing it is acting on.
If the tension becomes too large, the material will first _______ (permanently yield deform) and then snap/rupture ____________. Example: springs stretched beyond their elastic limit permanently deform.
___________: Compression a pushing force that acts to shorten the thing that it is acting on.
If the compression becomes too large, the buckle material may __________. Example: 2-meter stick pushed against wall In which direction does buckling occur? In the direction that the material is the thinnest ________. Length: Compare 1-meter stick vs. 2-m stick. Conclusion: Buckling is more likely for longer ______ objects and ________ objects. thinner
Types of Bridges:
(1) Beam Bridge: a horizontal structure resting on two piers the simplest and least expensive bridge Can span a distance of up to 200 feet If the needed span is more than 200 feet, additional piers are required (could become a disruption to river traffic)
tension
The top of a beam experiences compression __________. tension The bottom of a beam experiences _______.
I-Beams
Why are many beams often made in the shape of an I? (appropriately called I-beams )
With most of the compression on top and most of the tension on bottom, the middle of the beam would experience _______ force! So, less little material is needed there. Its more efficient _________ than a solid beam - very strong for its weight.
Truss Bridges
To strengthen a beam bridge, a truss is often added on top or on bottom of the beam. This increases the bridges rigidity (keeps it from deforming ___________ when loaded), and allows the dissipated forces to be ____________(spread out over a greater area) throughout the truss. The bridge can then span a longer distance than a simple beam bridge.
Examples
Fails! Just like a simple beam, the top of a truss is loaded in compression while the bottom is in _________. The other tension _____________, members in between can experience both forces.
Old arch bridge in Israel; picture taken by Penelope RosenstockMurav, Central Class of 2009
Under Construction
The cables transfer the compression into the towers, which dissipate the compression directly into the earth below the towers. The cables transfer the tension to the anchorages, which dissipate the tension into the earth.
Can span much greater distances, up to 7000 feet! More expensive, but also more aesthetically pleasing!
Brooklyn Bridge
An analogy: The road deck in a cable-stayed bridge is supported in the same way as
The closest cable-stayed bridge to Champaign is found in Alton, IL. It spans the Mississippi River approximately 30 miles north of St. Louis. The bridge was completed in 1993.