Lecture 26

Lecture 26 Lecture 26 Footings Footings
August 8, 2003
CVEN444
Lecture Goals Lecture Goals
Footing Classification
Footing Design
Footing Examples
Footings Footings
Definition
Footings are structural members used to support
columns and walls and to transmit and distribute
their loads to the soil in such a way that the load
bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded,
excessive settlement, differential settlement,or
rotation are prevented and adequate safety
against overturning or sliding is maintained.
Types of Footings Types of Footings
Wall footings are used to
support structural walls that
carry loads for other floors
or to support nonstructural
walls.
Isolated or single footings
are used to support single
columns. This is one of the
most economical types of
footings and is used when
columns are spaced at
relatively long distances.
Combined footings usually
support two columns, or three
columns not in a row.
Combined footings are used
when tow columns are so close
that single footings cannot be
used or when one column is
located at or near a property
line.
Cantilever or strap footings
consist of two single footings
connected with a beam or a
strap and support two single
columns. This type replaces a
combined footing and is more
economical.
Continuous footings
support a row of three or
more columns. They have
limited width and continue
under all columns.
Rafted or mat foundation
consists of one footing usually
placed under the entire building
area. They are used, when soil
bearing capacity is low, column
loads are heavy single footings
cannot be used, piles are not used
and differential settlement must
be reduced.
Pile caps are thick slabs
used to tie a group of piles
together to support and
transmit column loads to the
piles.
Distribution of Soil Pressure Distribution of Soil Pressure
When the column load P is
applied on the centroid of the
footing, a uniform pressure is
assumed to develop on the soil
surface below the footing area.
However the actual distribution of the soil is not uniform,
but depends on may factors especially the composition of
the soil and degree of flexibility of the footing.
Distribution of Soil Pressure Distribution of Soil Pressure
Soil pressure distribution in
cohesionless soil.
Soil pressure distribution in
cohesive soil.
Design Considerations Design Considerations
Footings must be designed to carry the column loads
and transmit them to the soil safely while satisfying
code limitations.
The area of the footing based on the allowable
bearing soil capacity
Two-way shear or punch out shear.
One-way bearing
Bending moment and steel reinforcement
required
1.
2.
3.
4.
Design Considerations Design Considerations
Footings must be designed to carry the column loads
and transmit them to the soil safely while satisfying
code limitations.
Bearing capacity of columns at their base
Dowel requirements
Development length of bars
Differential settlement
1.
2.
3.
4.
Size of Footings Size of Footings
The area of footing can be determined from the actual
external loads such that the allowable soil pressure is
not exceeded.
)
pressure soil allo able
eight - sel including load Total
ooting o Area =
ooting o area
u
u
P
q !
Strength design requirements
Two Two- -Way Shear (Punching Shear) Way Shear (Punching Shear)
For two-way shear in slabs (& footings) V
c
is smallest of
long side/short side of column concentrated
load or reaction area < 2
length of critical perimeter around the
column
where, F
c
=
b
0
=
CI 11-35
d b f V
0 c
c
c

4
2
When > 2 the allowable V

c
is reduced.
Design of two Design of two- -way shear way shear
Assume d.
Determine b
0
.
b
0
= 4(c+d)
b
0
= 2(c
1
+d) +2(c
2
+d)
1.
2.
for square columns
where one side = c
for rectangular
columns of sides c
1
and c
2
.
The shear force V
u
acts at a
section that has a length
b
0
= 4(c+d) or 2(c
1
+d) +2(c
2
+d)
and a depth d; the section is
subjected to a vertical downward
load P
u
and vertical upward
pressure q
u
.
3.
)
) )
2
u u u
u u u 1 2
V P q c d
V P q c d c d
=
=
for square columns
for rectangular columns
Allowable
Let V
u
=JV
c
4.
d b f V
0 c c
4J J =
0 c
u
4 b f
V
d
J
=
If d is not close to the assumed d,
revise your assumptions
Design of one Design of one- -way shear way shear
For footings with bending
action in one direction the
critical section is located a
distance d from face of column
d b f V
0 c c
2J J =
The ultimate shearing force at
section m-m can be calculated
! d
c L
b q V
2 2

u u
If no shear reinforcement is to be
used, then d can be checked
b f
V
d
2
c
u
J
!
If no shear reinforcement is
to be used, then d can be
checked, assuming V
u
= JV
c
Flexural Strength and Footing Flexural Strength and Footing
reinforcement reinforcement

2
y
u
s
=
a
d f
M
A
J
The bending moment in each
direction of the footing must be
checked and the appropriate
reinforcement must be provided.
b f
A f
a
85 . 0
c
s y
=
Another approach is to
calculated R
u
= M
u
/ bd
2
and
determine the steel percentage
required o . Determine A
s
then
check if assumed a is close to
calculated a
The minimum steel percentage
required in flexural members is
200/f
y
with minimum area and
maximum spacing of steel bars
in the direction of bending shall
be as required for shrinkage
temperature reinforcement.
The reinforcement in one-way footings
and two-way footings must be
distributed across the entire width of
the footing.
1
2
direction short in ent reinforcem Total
width band in ent Reinforcem
!
F
footing of side short
footing of side long
! F
where
Bearing Capacity of Column at Bearing Capacity of Column at
Base Base
The loads from the column act on the footing at the
base of the column, on an area equal to area of the
column cross-section. Compressive forces are
transferred to the footing directly by bearing on the
concrete. Tensile forces must be resisted by
reinforcement, neglecting any contribution by
concrete.
Base Base
Force acting on the concrete at the base of the column
must not exceed the bearing strength of the concrete
)
1 c 1
85 . 0 A f N J =
where J = 0.65 and
A
1
=bearing area of column
Base Base
The value of the bearing strength may be multiplied by a
factor for bearing on footing when the
supporting surface is wider on all sides than the loaded
area.
0 . 2 /
1 2
e A A
The modified bearing
strength
)
)
1 c 2
1 2 1 c 2
85 . 0 2
/ 85 . 0
A f N
A A A f N
J
J
e
e
Dowels in Footings Dowels in Footings
A minimum steel ratio o = 0.005 of the column section
as compared to o = 0.01 as minimum reinforcement for
the column itself. The number of dowel bars needed is
four these may be placed at the four corners of the
column. The dowel bars are usually extended into the
footing, bent at the ends, and tied to the main footing
reinforcement. The dowel diameter shall not exceed
the diameter of the longitudinal bars in the column by
more than 0.15 in.
Development length of the Development length of the
Reinforcing Bars Reinforcing Bars
The development length for compression bars was given
but not less than
Dowel bars must be checked for proper development
length.
c b y d
/ 02 . 0 f d f l !
in. 8 003 . 0
b y
u d f
Differential Settlement
Footing usually support the following loads:
Dead loads from the substructure and superstructure
Live load resulting from material or occupancy
Weight of material used in back filling
Wind loads
1.
2.
3.
4.
General Requirements for Footing General Requirements for Footing
Design Design
A site investigation is required to determine the
chemical and physical properties of the soil.
Determine the magnitude and distribution of
loads form the superstructure.
Establish the criteria and the tolerance for the
total and differential settlements of the structure.
1.
2.
3.
Design Design
Determine the most suitable and economic type
of foundation.
Determine the depth of the footings below the
ground level and the method of excavation.
Establish the allowable bearing pressure to be
used in design.
4.
5.
6.
Design Design
Determine the pressure distribution beneath the
footing based on its width
Perform a settlement analysis.
7.
8.
Example Example Wall Wall
Design a plain concrete footing to support a 16 in.
thick concrete wall. The load on the wall consist of
16 k/ft dead load (including the self-weight of wall)
and a 10 k/ft live load the base of the footing is 4 ft
below final grade. f
c
= 3 ksi and the allowable soil
pressure = 5 k/ft
2
Example Example - - Wall Wall
Assume a depth of footing. (1.5 ft or 18 in.) The
weight of concrete and the soil are:
3
c
2
1 ft.
150 lb/ft *18 in. *
12 in.
225 lb/ft
W d K = =
=
3
s s s
2
1 ft.
100 lb/ft * 4 ft 18 in. *
12 in.
250 lb/ft
W d K

= =

=
The effective soil pressure is given as:
eff s c s
2 2 2
2 2
5000 lb/ft 225 lb/ft 250 lb/ft
4525 lb/ft 4.525 k/ft
q q W W !
!
!
Calculate the size of the footing for 1-ft of wall:
2
Actual oads 16 k/ft 10 k/ft
26 k/ft
26 k/ft
Width of footing 5.75 ft
4.525 k/ft
Use 6 ft
DL LL = =
=
= =

Calculate net upward pressure:
) )
2
n
Actual Loads 1.2 1.6
1.2 16 k/ft 1.6 10 k/ft
35.2 k/ft
35.2 k/ft
Net upward pressure 5.87 k / ft
6 ft
DL LL
q
!
!
!
! !
Calculate the depth of the reinforcement use # 8 bars
with a crisscrossing layering.
)
b
cover 1.5
18 in. 3 in 1.5 1.0 in
13.5 in.
d h d
d
!
!
!
The depth of the footing can be calculated by using
one-way shear
)
) )
u n 2
2
2 2
5.87 k/ft 1 ft 1.21 ft 7.1 k
L c
V q l d

!

! !
1 ft
16 in
6 ft 1 ft
12 in
13.5 in
2 2 2 2 12 in
1.21 ft
L c
d

!

!
one-way shear
u
c
1000 lb
7.1 k
1 k
2 12 in
0.75 2 3000 1 ft
1 ft
7.2 in.
V
d
f b J

! !

!
The footing is 13.5 in. > 7.2 in. so it will work.
Calculate the bending moment of the footing at the
edge of the wall
1 ft
16 in
6 ft
12 in
2.33 ft
2 2 2 2
L c

! !

)
)
)
2
u n
2.33 ft
2 2
5.87 k/ft 2.33 ft 1 ft
2 2 2 2
15.98 k-ft
L c
L c
M q b

! !

!
Calculate R
u
for the footing to find o of the footing.
) )
u
u
2 2
12 in.
15.98 k-ft *
1 ft
R 0.0877 ksi
bd
12 in. * 13.5 in
M

! ! !
From R
u
for the footing the o value can be found.
)
)
)
)
2
u
u c
c
2
y
c
1.7
1 0.59 1.7 0
0.0877 ksi
1.7 1.7 4 1.7
0.9 3 ksi
0.03312
2
0.03312 3 ksi
0.03312 0.00166
60 ksi
R
R f
f
f
f
[ [ [ [
J
[
V
V
! !

! !
! ! !
Compute the area of steel needed
)
2
s
12 in.
0.00166 1 ft 13.5 in. 0.27 in
1 ft
A bd V

= = =

The minimum amount of steel for shrinkage is
) )
2
s
0.0018 0.0018 12 in. 18 in. 0.389 in A bh ! ! !
The minimum amount of steel for flexure is
) )
2
s
y
200 200
12 in. 13.5 in. 0.54 in
60000
A bd
f

! ! !

Use
Use a #7 bar (0.60 in
2
) Compute the number of bars
need
2
s
2
b
0.54 in
0.9 Use 1 bars/ ft
0.60 in
A
n
A
= = =
Check the bearing stress. The bearing strength N
1
, at
the base of the wall, 16 in x 12 in., J ! 0.65
) ) ) ) )
1 c 1
0.85 0.65 0.85 3 ksi 16 in 12 in
318.2 k
N f A J = =
=
The bearing strength, N
2
, at the top of the footing is
1
1
2
1 2
2 N
A
A
N N e !
2
)
2
2
2
1
2 1
6 ft
4.5 2
1.33 ft
2 2 318.2 k 636.4 k
A
A
N N
= = >
= = =
) )
)
2
2
2
1
6 ft 1 ft 6 ft
1 ft
16 in 1 ft 1.33 ft
12 in.
A
A
! !

! !

P
u
=35.2 k < N
1
, bearing stress is adequate. The
minimum area of dowels is required.
) )
2
1
0.005 0.005* 16 in 12 in 0.92 in A ! !
Use minimum number of bars is 2, so use 4 # 8 bars
placed at the four corners of the column.
The development length of the dowels in compression
from ACI Code 12.3.2 for compression.
) )
b y
d
c
0.02 0.02 0.875 in 60000 psi
3000 psi
19.17 in Use 20 in
d f
l
f
! !
!
The minimum l
d
, which has to be greater than 8 in., is
) )
d b y
0.0003 0.0003 0.875 in. 60000 psi
15.75 in. 8 in.
l d f = =
= >
Therefore, use 4#7 dowels in the corners of
the column extending 20 in. into the column
and the footing. Note that l
d
is less than the
given d = 15.75 in., which is sufficient
development length.
The development length, l
d
for the #7 bars for the
reinforcement of the footing.
) )
y y b
d
d
b
c c
20 20
60000 psi 0.875 in
47.9 in
20 3000 psi
f f d
l
l
d
f f
= =
= =
There is not adequate development length provided
need to design a hook.
d
72 in. 16 in.
cover 3 in. 25 in.
2 2 2 2
L c
l ! ! !
Example Example Square Footing Square Footing
Design a square footing to support a 18 in. square
column tied interior column reinforced with 8 #9
bars. The column carries an unfactored axial dead
load of 245 k and an axial live load of 200 k. The
base of the footing is 4 ft. below final grade and
allowable soil pressure is 5 k/ft
2
Use f
c
= 4 ksi and
f
y
= 60 ksi
Assume a depth of footing. (2 ft or 24 in.) The
2 3
c
lb/ft 300
in. 12
ft. 1
* in. 24 * lb/ft 150 = = = d W K
2 3
s s s
lb/ft 200
in. 12
ft. 1
* in. 24 ft 4 * lb/ft 100 !
! ! d W K
2 2
2 2 2
s c s eff
k/ft 5 . 4 lb/ft 4500
lb/ft 200 lb/ft 300 lb/ft 5000
!
!
! W W q q
Calculate the size of the footing:
ft 10 Use ft 94 . 9 footing of Side
ft 98.9
k/ft 5 . 4
k 445
footing of Area
k 445 k 200 k 245 Loads Actual
2
2
!
! !
! ! ! LL DL
) )
2
2
n
ft k / 6.14
ft 00 1
k 4 1 6
pressure upward Net
k 614 k 200 1.6 k 245 2 . 1
6 . 1 2 . 1 Loads Actual
! !
! !
!
q
LL DL
)
in. 5 . 19
in 0 . 1 5 . 1 in 3 in. 24
5 . 1 cover
b
=
=
=
d
d h d
Calculate perimeter for two-way shear or
punch out shear. The column is 18 in.
square.
)
)
) ft 125 . 3
in 12
ft 1
in. 5 . 19 in. 18
in. 150 in. 5 . 19 in. 18 4
4
o
=
=
= =
=
d c
d c b
Calculate the shear V
u
)
)
k 554
ft 125 . 3 k/ft 6.14 k 614
2
2
2
n u u
!
!
! d c q P V
1
ft 10
ft 10
! ! F
The shape parameter
Calculate d value from the shear capacity according to
11.12.2.1 chose the largest value of d
d b f V
0 c
c
c

4
2
!
F
d b f V
0 c c
4 =
d b f
b
d
V
0 c
o
s
c
2
=
o o
s
is 40 for interior, 30 for edge
and 20 for corner column
two way shear
) )
in. 47 . 19
in 150 4000 4 0.75
k 1
lb 1000
k 54 5
4
0 c
u
=
= =
b f
V
d
J
The second equation b
o
is dependent on d so use the
assumed values and you will find that d is smaller and
E = 40
)
) )
in. 81 . 10
in 150 4000 2
in 150
in 9.5 1 40
0.75
k 1
lb 1000
k 554
2
40
0 c
o
u
!
!
b f
b
d
V
d
J
The depth of the footing can be calculated
by using one-way shear
)
) ) k 2 . 161 ft 625 . 2 ft 10 k/ft 14 . 6
2 2
2
2 n u
! !
! d
c L
l q V
ft 625 . 2
in 12
ft 1
in 5 . 19
2
in 12
ft 1
in 18
2
ft 10
2 2
!
d
c L
one-way shear
in. 2 . 14
ft 1
in 12
ft 10 4000 2 0.75
k 1
lb 1000
k 2 . 161
2
c
u
!
! !
b f
V
d
J
edge of the column
ft 25 . 4
2
in 12
ft 1
in 18
2
ft 10
2 2
=
c L
)
)
)
ft - k 5 . 554
ft 10
2
ft 25 . 4
ft 25 . 4 k/ft 14 . 6
2
2 2
2 2
n u
!
!
! b
c L
c L
q M
Calculate R
u
) )
ksi 1458 . 0
in 5 . 19 * in 120
ft 1
in. 12
* ft - k 5 . 554
bd
R
2 2
u
u
!
! !
M
From R
u
)
)
)
)
00277 . 0
ksi 60
ksi 4 04152 . 0
04152 . 0

04152 . 0
2
ksi 4 9 . 0
ksi 1458 . 0
7 . 1 4 7 . 1 7 . 1
0
7 . 1
7 . 1 59 . 0 1
c
y
2
c
u
2
c u
! ! !
!

!
! !
o
o
[
J
[ [ [ [
f
f
f
R
f R
)
2
s
in 48 . 6 in. 5 . 19
ft 1
in. 12
ft 10 00277 . 0 =
= = bd A V
) )
2
s
in 18 . 5 in. 24 in. 120 0018 . 0 0018 . 0 = = = bh A
) )
2
y
s
in 8 . 7 in. 9.5 1 in. 120
60000
200

200
=
= = bd
f
A
Use
2
need
bars 13 Use 13
in 60 . 0
in 8 . 7
2
2
b
s
= = =
A
A
n
Determine the spacing between bars
)
)
in 5 . 9
12
in 3 2 - in 120
1
cover * 2
! !
!
n
L
s
1
, at
the base of the column, 18 in x 18 in., J ! 0.65
) ) ) ) k 716 in 18 ksi 4 85 . 0 65 . 0 85 . 0
2
1 c 1
! ! ! A f N J
2
1
1
2
1 2
2 N
A
A
N N e !
2
) k 1432 k 716 2 2 2 6.67
ft 25 . 2
ft 100
1 2
2
2
1
2
! ! ! " ! ! N N
A
A
)
2
2
1
2
2
2
ft 25 . 2
in. 12
ft 1
in 18
ft 100 ft 10
!
!
! !
A
A
P
u
=614 k < N
1
)
2
2
1
in 62 . 1 in 18 * 005 . 0 005 . 0 = = A
) )
in 19 Use in 97 . 18
psi 4000
psi 60000 in 1 02 . 0
02 . 0
c
y b
d
= = =
f
f d
l
The minimum l
d
) ) in 8 in 18 psi 60000 in 1 0003 . 0 0003 . 0
y b d
u ! ! ! f d l
d
is less than the
development length.
d
) )
in 5 . 41
psi 4000 20
in 875 . 0 psi 60000
20 20
c
b y
d
c
y
b
d
! ! ! !
f
d f
l
f
f
d
l
There is adequate development length provided.
in 48
2
in 18
in 3
2
in 120
2
cover
2
d
= = =
c L
l
Final Design Final Design
Example Example Restricted Footing Restricted Footing
Design a footing to support a 18 in. square column
tied interior column reinforced with 8 #9 bars.
The column carries an unfactored axial dead load
of 245 k and an axial live load of 200 k. The base
of the footing is 4 ft. below final grade and
allowable soil pressure is 5 k/ft
2
Use f
c
= 3 ksi and
f
y
= 60 ksi. Limit one side of the footing to 8.5 ft.
Assume a depth of footing. (2 ft or 24 in.) The
2 3
c
lb/ft 300
in. 12
ft. 1
* in. 24 * lb/ft 150 = = = d W K
2 3
s s s
lb/ft 200
in. 12
ft. 1
* in. 24 ft 4 * lb/ft 100 !
! ! d W K
2 2
2 2 2
s c s eff
k/ft 5 . 4 lb/ft 4500
!
!
! W W q q
ft 12 Use ft 64 . 11
ft 5 . 8
ft 98.9
footing of Side
ft 98.9
k/ft 5 . 4
k 445
footing of Area
2
2
2
! !
! !
! ! ! LL DL
) )
) )
2
n
ft k / 6.02
ft 2 1 ft .5 8
k 4 1 6
pressure upward Net
k 614
k 200 1.6 k 245 2 . 1
!
!
!
!
!
q
LL DL
)
in. 5 . 19
in 0 . 1 5 . 1 in 3 in. 24
5 . 1 cover
b
=
=
=
d
d h d
)
) ) k 5 . 185 ft 625 . 3 ft .5 8 k/ft 02 . 6
2 2
2
2 n u
! !
! d
c L
l q V
ft 625 . 3
in 12
ft 1
in 5 . 19
2
in 12
ft 1
in 18
2
ft 12
2 2
=
d
c L
V
u
=135.5 k in
short direction
The depth of the footing can be calculated
by using the one-way shear (long direction)
one-way shear design
in. 2 . 19
ft 1
in 12
ft .5 8 4000 2 0.75
k 1
lb 1000
k 5 . 185
2
c
u
!
! !
b f
V
d
J
square.
)
)
) ft 125 . 3
in 12
ft 1
in. 5 . 19 in. 18
in. 150 in. 5 . 19 in. 18 4
4
o
=
=
= =
=
d c
d c b
u
)
) k 2 . 555 ft 125 . 3 k/ft 6.02 k 614
2
2
2
n u u
! !
! d c q P V
41 . 1
ft 8.5
ft 12
! ! F
The shape parameter
Calculate d from the shear capacity according to
11.12.2.1 chose the largest value of d.
d b f V
0 c
c
c

4
2
!
F
d b f V
0 c c
4 =
d b f
b
d
V
0 c
o
s
c
2
=
o o
s
The depth of the footing can be calculated for the
two way shear
)
in. 13 . 16
in 150 4000
41 . 1
4
2 0.75
k 1
lb 1000
k 2 . 555

4
2
0 c
u
=
=
b f
V
d
J
The third equation b
o
E = 40
)
) )
in. 84 . 10
in 150 4000 2
in 150
in 9.5 1 40
0.75
k 1
lb 1000
k 2 . 555
2
40
0 c
o
u
!
!
b f
b
d
V
d
J
the two way shear
) )
in. 5 . 19
in 150 4000 4 0.75
k 1
lb 1000
k 2 . 555
4
0 c
u
!
! !
b f
V
d
J
edge of the column (long direction)
ft 25 . 5
2
in 12
ft 1
in 18
2
ft 12
2 2
=
c L
)
)
)
ft - k 2 . 705
ft .5 8
2
ft 25 . 5
ft 25 . 5 k/ft 02 . 6
2
2 2
2 2
n u
=
=
= b
c L
c L
q M
Calculate R
u
)
ksi 2182 . 0
in 5 . 19 *
ft 1
in 12
ft 8.5
ft 1
in. 12
* ft - k 2 . 705
bd
2
2
u
u
=
= =
M
Use the R
u
for the footing to find o.
)
)
)
)
004196 . 0
ksi 60
ksi 4 06294 . 0
06294 . 0

06294 . 0
2
ksi 4 9 . 0
ksi 2182 . 0
7 . 1 4 7 . 1 7 . 1
0
7 . 1
7 . 1 59 . 0 1
c
y
2
c
u
2
c u
= = =
=

=
= =
o
o
m
J
m m m m
f
f
f
R
f R
Compute the amount of steel needed
)
2
s
in 35 . 8 in. 5 . 19
ft 1
in. 12
ft 5 . 8 004196 . 0 =
= = bd A V
) )
2
s
in 41 . 4 in. 24 in. 102 0018 . 0 0018 . 0 = = = bh A
) )
2
y
s
in 63 . 6 in. 9.5 1 in. 102
60000
200

200
=
= = bd
f
A
Use A
s
=8.36 in
2
with #8 bars (0.79 in
2
). Compute
the number of bars need
bars 12 Use 8 . 11
in 79 . 0
in 33 . 9
2
2
b
s
! ! !
A
A
n
)
)
in 73 . 8
11
in 3 2 - in 102
1
cover * 2
! !
!
n
L
s
edge of the column for short length
ft 5 . 3
2
in 12
ft 1
in 18
2
ft .5 8
2 2
=
c L
)
)
)
ft - k 5 . 442
ft 12
2
ft 5 . 3
ft 5 . 3 k/ft 02 . 6
2
2 2
2 2
n u
=
=
= b
c L
c L
q M
Calculate R
u
)
ksi 0970 . 0
in 5 . 19 *
ft 1
in 12
ft 12
ft 1
in. 12
* ft - k 42.5 4
bd
R
2
2
u
u
!
! !
M
Use R
u
)
)
)
)
00183 . 0
ksi 60
ksi 4 0274 . 0
0274 . 0

0274 . 0
2
ksi 4 9 . 0
ksi 0970 . 0
7 . 1 4 7 . 1 7 . 1
0
7 . 1
7 . 1 59 . 0 1
c
y
2
c
u
2
c u
= = =
=

=
= =
o
o
m
J
m m m m
f
f
f
R
f R
)
2
s
in 12 . 5 in. 5 . 19
ft 1
in. 12
ft 12 00183 . 0 =
= = bd A V
) )
2
s
in 22 . 6 in. 24 in. 144 0018 . 0 0018 . 0 = = = bh A
) )
2
y
s
in 36 . 9 in. 9.5 1 in. 144
60000
200

200
=
= = bd
f
A
Use A
s
=9.36 in
2
with #6 bar (0.44 in
2
) Compute the
number of bars need
bars 22 Use 3 . 21
in 44 . 0
in 36 . 9
2
2
b
s
! ! !
A
A
n
Calculate the reinforcement bandwidth
83 . 0
1 41 . 1
2
1
2
ent reinforcem Total
bandwidth in ent Reinforcem
!
F
The number of bars in the 8.5 ft band is 0.83(22)=19 bars .
So place 19 bars in 8.5 ft section and 2 bars in each in
(12ft -8.5ft)/2 =1.75 ft of the band.
bars 2 Use 5 . 1
2
19 22
2
bars band - bars # Total
bar # outside
=
=
=
Determine the spacing between bars for the band of 8.5 ft
)
in 67 . 5
18
in 102
1
! !
!
n
L
s
Determine the spacing between bars outside the band
in 9
2
3in - in 1 2 cover
! !
!
n
L
s
1
, at
) ) ) ) k 716 in 18 ksi 4 85 . 0 65 . 0 85 . 0
2
1 c 1
! ! ! A f N J
2
1
1
2
1 2
2 N
A
A
N N e !
2
) k 1432 k 716 2 2 2 6.74
ft 25 . 2
ft 102
1 2
2
2
1
2
! ! ! " ! ! N N
A
A
) )
2
2
1
2
2
ft 25 . 2
in. 12
ft 1
in 18
ft 102 ft 12 ft .5 8
!
!
! !
A
A
P
u
=614 k < N
1
)
2
2
1
in 62 . 1 in 18 * 005 . 0 005 . 0 = = A
) )
in 19 Use in 97 . 18
psi 4000
psi 60000 in 1 02 . 0
02 . 0
c
y b
d
= = =
f
f d
l
The minimum l
d
) ) in 8 in 18 psi 60000 in 1 0003 . 0 0003 . 0
y b d
> = = = f d l
d
is less than the
development length.
d
for the #8 bars
) )
in 4 . 47
psi 4000 20
in 0 . 1 psi 60000
20 20
c
b y
d
c
y
b
d
! ! ! !
f
d f
l
f
f
d
l
in 60
2
in 18
in 3
2
in 144
2
cover
2
d
! ! !
c L
l
d
for the #6 bars
) )
in 5 . 28
psi 4000 25
in 75 . 0 psi 60000
25 25
c
b y
d
c
y
b
d
= = = =
f
d f
l
f
f
d
l
in 39
2
in 18
in 3
2
in 102
2
cover
2
d
= = =
c L
l
12 #8 23 #6
- - Final design Final design
Example Example Multi Multi- -Column Footing Column Footing
Design a rectangular footing to support two square
columns. The exterior column (I) has a section 16 x
16 in., which carries DL of 180 k and a LL of 120 k.
The interior column (II) has a section of 20 x 20 in.,
which carries a DL of 250 k
and a LL of 140 k. The base of
the footing is 5 ft. below final
grade and allowable soil
pressure is 5 k/ft
2
Use f
c
= 4 ksi
and f
y
= 60 ksi The external
column is located 2 ft from the
property line.
Determine the location of an equivalent point and
its location select the datum at column I
) )
) )
ft. 9 Use ft. 04 . 9
k 120 k 180 k 140 k 250
k 120 k 180 ft 0 k 140 k 250 ft 16
i
i i
=

= =
F
F x
x
Extend the footing up to the property line, so the length
is l = 9 ft + 2 ft. = 11 ft. So the length of the footing is
2(11 ft.) = 22 ft.
Assume a depth of footing. (36 in.) The weight
of concrete and the soil are:
2 3
c
lb/ft 450
in. 12
ft. 1
* in. 36 * lb/ft 150 = = = d W K
2 3
s s s
lb/ft 200
in. 12
ft. 1
* in. 36 ft 5 * lb/ft 100 =
= = d W K
2 2
2 2 2
s c s eff
k/ft 35 . 4 lb/ft 4350
!
!
! W W q q
ft 7.5 Use ft 21 . 7
ft 22
ft 8.6 5 1
footing of Side
ft 8.6 5 1
k/ft 35 . 4
k 90 6
footing of Area
k 690 k 300 k 390 Loads Total
2
2
2
2 1
! !
! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
AL AL
LL DL
LL DL
) )
) )
) )
2
n
ft k / 6.33
ft 7.5 ft 22
k 1044
pressure up ard et
k 1044
k 588 k 456
k 140 1.7 k 250 4 . 1
k 120 1.7 k 180 4 . 1
7 . 1 4 . 1 oads Actual
= =
=
=

=
=
q
LL DL
)
in. 5 . 31
in 0 . 1 5 . 1 in 3 in. 36
5 . 1 cover
b
=
=
=
d
d h d
Compute the shear and bending moment diagrams.
Shear Forces
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
location (ft)
F
o
r
c
e

(
k
i
p
s
)
63.3 k
-329.5 k
358.7 k
-150.3 k
The columns are
considered point loads
but shear values are
taken at each side of the
column.
) )
)
)
2
6.32 k/ft 7.5 ft
47.454 k/ft
V x qb x w
x w
x w
!
!
!
The location of the maximum moment is
) ft 9 . 6 ft 5 . 14
k 7 . 358 k 329.5
k 329.5
x
ft 5 . 14
in 12
ft 1
in 10
in 12
ft 1
in 8 ft 16
!
!
!

Compute the shear and bending moment diagrams.
The columns are
considered point loads
but moments are taken
at each side of the
column. It will not
balance because center
is at 9.04 ft
Bending Moment
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Location (ft)
B
e
n
d
i
n
g

M
o
m
e
n
t

(
k
-
f
t
)
- -ft @ ft
-ft
-ft
) )
) )
)
2
i i
2
2
i i
2
i i
2
6.32 k/ft 7.5 ft
2
47.454 k/ft
2
x
M x qb w x x
x
w x x
x
w x x
!
!
!
The maximum shear force occurs at the edge of
the 20 in. column. So maximum shear is measured
at distance d from the column.
)
k 1 . 234
in 12
ft 1
in 31.5 k/ft 454 . 47 k 7 . 358
max
!
! d q V
one-way shear
in. 2 . 24
ft 1
in 12
ft .5 7 4000 2 0.85
k 1
lb 1000
k 34.1 2
2
c
u
!
! !
b f
V
d
J
square.
)
)
) ft 292 . 4
in 12
ft 1
in. 5 . 31 in. 0 2
in. 206 in. 5 . 31 in. 0 2 4
4
o
=
=
= =
=
d c
d c b
u
)
)
k 6 . 464
ft 292 . 4 k/ft 6.70 k 588
2
2
2
n u u
=
=
= d c q P V
The other column will not be critical,
P
u
= 456 k for the 16 in. column
two way shear
) )
in. 5 . 10
in 206 4000 4 0.85
k 1
lb 1000
k 64.6 4
4
0 c
u
=
= =
b f
V
d
J
Calculate R
u
) )
ksi 1719 . 0
in 5 . 31 * in 90
ft 1
in. 12
* ft - k 278.9 1
bd
2
2
u
u
=
= =
M
From R
u
)
)
)
)
00328 . 0
ksi 60
ksi 4 04917 . 0
04917 . 0

04917 . 0
2
ksi 4 9 . 0
ksi 1719 . 0
7 . 1 4 7 . 1 7 . 1
0
7 . 1
7 . 1 59 . 0 1
c
y
2
c
u
2
c u
! ! !
!

!
! !
o
o
[
J
[ [ [ [
f
f
f
R
f R
)
2
s
in 29 . 9 in. 5 . 31
ft 1
in. 12
ft 5 . 7 00277 . 0 =
= = bd A V
) )
2
s
in 3 8 . 5 in. 6 3 in. 90 0018 . 0 0018 . 0 = = = bh A
) )
2
y
s
in 45 . 9 in. 1.5 3 in. 90
60000
200

200
=
= = bd
f
A
Use
2
needed
bars 10 Use 45 . 9
in 0 . 1
in 45 . 9
2
2
b
s
! ! !
A
A
n
)
)
in 33 . 9
9
in 3 2 - in 90
1
cover * 2
! !
!
n
L
s
The minimum amount is steel is going to be due to the
flexural restrictions. So below the columns with
positive moment, the reinforcement will be 10 # 9 bars
running longitudinally. The development length will
have to be calculated.
d
) )
in 5 . 53
psi 4000 20
in .128 1 psi 60000
20 20
c
b y
d
c
y
b
d
= = = =
f
d f
l
f
f
d
l
The bars have more than 12-in. of concrete below
them, therefore l
d
= 1.3 l
d
.
) in. 70 Use in 6 . 69 in 3.5 5 3 . 1
d
! ! l
To determine the reinforcement in the short direction.
The bandwidth of the two columns must be determined
for the 16 in. column.
ft 5.5 Use ft 3 . 5
in. 12
ft 1
in 5 . 31
in. 12
ft 1
2
in 16
ft 2 in 16 Band !
!
Compute the moment at the edge
k/ft 8 . 60
ft 7.5
k 456
net
! ! q
ft 08 . 3
in 12
ft 1
in 8
2
ft 5 . 7
=
= L
The bending moment will be
Compute the R
u
)
)
ft - k 0 . 289
2
ft 3.08
k/ft 8 . 60
2
2
2
net u
= = =
l
q M
)
ksi 053 . 0
in 5 . 31 *
ft 1
in 12
ft 5.5
ft 1
in. 12
* ft - k 289
bd
R
2
2
u
u
!
! !
M
From R
u
)
)
)
)
001 . 0
ksi 60
ksi 4 04917 . 0
01484 . 0

01484 . 0
2
ksi 4 9 . 0
ksi 053 . 0
7 . 1 4 7 . 1 7 . 1
0
7 . 1
7 . 1 59 . 0 1
c
y
2
c
u
2
c u
! ! !
!

!
! !
o
o
[
J
[ [ [ [
f
f
f
R
f R
)
2
s
in 08 . 2 in. 5 . 31
ft 1
in. 12
ft 5 . 5 001 . 0 !
! ! bd A V
) )
2
s
in 28 . 4 in. 6 3 in. 6 6 0018 . 0 0018 . 0 = = = bh A
) )
2
y
s
in 93 . 6 in. 1.5 3 in. 66
60000
200

200
=
= = bd
f
A
Use
2
needed
bars 7 Use 93 . 6
in 0 . 1
in 93 . 6
2
2
b
s
! ! !
A
A
n
)
)
in 5 . 10
6
in 3 - in 6 6
1
cover
! !
!
n
L
s
To determine the reinforcement in the short direction.
The 20-in. interior column extends beyond 4 ft from the
center therefore the band is 7.5 ft x 7.5 ft. Compute the
moment at the edge
k/ft 4 . 78
ft 7.5
k 88 5
net
= = q
ft 92 . 2
in 12
ft 1
in 10
2
ft 5 . 7
=
= L
The bending moment will be
Compute the R
u
)
)
ft - k 3 . 334
2
ft 2.92
k/ft 4 . 78
2
2
2
net u
= = =
l
q M
)
ksi 045 . 0
in 5 . 31 *
ft 1
in 12
ft 7.5
ft 1
in. 12
* ft - k 334.3
bd
R
2
2
u
u
!
! !
M
From R
u
)
)
)
)
00084 . 0
ksi 60
ksi 4 01257 . 0
01257 . 0

01257 . 0
2
ksi 4 9 . 0
ksi 045 . 0
7 . 1 4 7 . 1 7 . 1
0
7 . 1
7 . 1 59 . 0 1
c
y
2
c
u
2
c u
! ! !
!

!
! !
o
o
[
J
[ [ [ [
f
f
f
R
f R
)
2
s
in 38 . 2 in. 5 . 31
ft 1
in. 12
ft 5 . 7 00084 . 0 !
! ! bd A V
) )
2
s
in 83 . 5 in. 6 3 in. 0 9 0018 . 0 0018 . 0 = = = bh A
) )
2
y
s
in 45 . 9 in. 1.5 3 in. 0 9
60000
200

200
=
= = bd
f
A
Use
1
, at
) ) ) ) k 609 in 16 ksi 4 85 . 0 7 . 0 85 . 0
2
1 c 1
! ! ! A f N J
2
1
1
2
1 2
2 N
A
A
N N e !
2
) k 1218 k 09 6 2 2 2 4.125
ft 78 . 1
ft 30.25
1 2
2
2
1
2
! ! ! " ! ! N N
A
A
)
2
2
1
2
2
2
ft 78 . 1
in. 12
ft 1
in 16
ft 25 . 30 ft .5 5
!
!
! !
A
A
P
u
=456 k < N
1
)
2
2
1
in 28 . 1 in 16 * 005 . 0 005 . 0 = = A
Note Note if the P
u
> N
1
the area of steel will be
)
y
1 u
s
f
N P
A

!
As long as the area of
steel is greater than the
minimum amount.
) )
in 17 Use in 6 . 16
psi 4000
psi 60000 in .875 0 02 . 0
02 . 0
c
y b
d
= = =
f
f d
l
The minimum l
d
) ) in 8 in 75 . 15 psi 60000 in .875 0 0003 . 0 0003 . 0
y b d
> = = = f d l
d
is less than the
development length.
2
need
bars 10 Use 45 . 9
in 0 . 1
in 45 . 9
2
2
b
s
! ! !
A
A
n
)
)
in 67 . 9
9
in 3 - in 90
1
cover
! !
!
n
L
s
1
, at
) ) ) ) k 952 in 0 2 ksi 4 85 . 0 7 . 0 85 . 0
2
1 c 1
! ! ! A f N J
2
1
1
2
1 2
2 N
A
A
N N e !
2
) k 1904 k 952 2 2 2 4.5
ft 78 . 2
ft 56.25
1 2
2
2
1
2
! ! ! " ! ! N N
A
A
)
2
2
1
2
2
2
ft 78 . 2
in. 12
ft 1
in 0 2
ft 25 . 56 ft .5 7
!
!
! !
A
A
P
u
=588 k < N
1
)
2
2
1
in 0 . 2 in 0 2 * 005 . 0 005 . 0 = = A
) )
in 19 Use in 7 . 18
psi 4000
psi 60000 in 1 02 . 0
02 . 0
c
y b
d
= = =
f
f d
l
The minimum l
d
) ) in 8 in 18 psi 60000 in 1 0003 . 0 0003 . 0
y b d
> = = = f d l
d
is less than the
development length.
Example Example Settlement Settlement
Determine the footing areas required for equal
settlement (balanced footing design) if the usual live
load is 25% for all footings. The footings are subjected
to dead loads and live loads as indicated by the table.
The net soil pressure is 6 ksf.
Footing Number
1 2 3 4 5
Dead Load (kips) 120 180 140 190 210
Live Load (kips) 150 220 200 170 240
Find the ratio of the live load to dead load, the largest
ratio will control the settlement.
Column 3 has the largest ratio.
Compute the usual loading for the footing, DL + 0.25LL
Column 3 has the largest ratio.
Determine the need area for the footing with the
largest LL/DL ratio.
The usual net soil pressure acting on the footing is
2
2
net
ft 67 . 56
k/ft 6
k 200 k 140
!
!
q
LL DL
A
) ) )
2
2
load live
net
k/ft 353 . 3
ft 67 . 56
k 200 0.25 k 140 %
!
!
A
LL DL
q
Use the q
net
(3.353 k/ft
2
) to determine need area for
each of the other footings to have the same settlement.
2
2
net
ft 97 . 46
k/ft 3.353
k 5 . 157
q
oading Usual
Area = = =
Compute the q
net
for each of the footings
) )
2
2
net
k/ft 75 . 5
ft 97 . 46
k 150 k 120
Area e
oad Total
q =
= =
Use the q
net
(3.353 k/ft
2
) to determine need area for
each of the other footings to have the same settlement.
Footi g Numb
1 2 3 4 5
Dead Load ( ips)
Live Load ( ips)
Ratio (LL/DL) . . . . .
Usual Loading ( ips) . . . . .
Standard Area ( t
2
) . . . . .
New Area( t
2
) . . . . .
New q
net
5. 5 5. . 5. 5.59
Example Example Combined Loading Combined Loading
A 12-in. x 24 in. column of an unsymmetrical shed is
subjected to an axial load P
D
of 220 k and M
D
= 180 k-ft
due to dead load and an an axial load P
L
= 165 k and a
moment M
L
= 140 k-ft due to
live load. The base of the
footing is 5 ft below final
grade, and the allowable soil
bearing pressure is 5 k/ft
2
.
Design the footing using
f
c
= 4 ksi and f
y
= 60 ksi
Find the combined actual loads, P
0
and M
0
ft - k 320 ft - k 140 ft - k 180
k 385 k 165 k 220
0
0
= = =
= = =
M M M
P P P
Determine the eccentricity of the footing
in. 10 Use in 97 . 9
k 385
ft 1
in 12
ft - k 320

0
0
=
= =
P
M
e
Assume a depth of footing, 24 in. The weight of
concrete and the soil are:
2 3
c
lb/ft 300
in. 12
ft. 1
* in. 24 * lb/ft 150 = = = d W K
2 3
s s s
lb/ft 300
in. 12
ft. 1
* in. 24 ft 5 * lb/ft 100 =
= = d W K
2 2
2 2 2
s c s eff
k/ft 4 . 4 lb/ft 4400
!
!
! W W q q
2
2
ft 87.5
k/ft 4 . 4
k 385
footing of Area
k 385 oads Actual
= =
= = LL DL
ft 10 Use ft 72 . 9
ft 9
ft 87.5
footing of Side
2
= =
Compute the sizes of the footing if width is 9 ft.
Use the long section and place the column 10 in.
off-center for the 10 ft segment
) )
) )
2
n
ft k / 5.87
ft 0 1 ft 9
k 528.0
pressure upward Net
k 528.0
k 165 1.6 k 20 2 2 . 1
!
!
!
!
!
q
LL DL
)
in. 5 . 19
in 0 . 1 5 . 1 in 3 in. 24
5 . 1 cover
b
=
=
=
d
d h d
)
) ) k 4 . 169 ft 208 . 3 ft 9 k/ft 87 . 5
2 2
2
2 n u
! !
! e d
c L
l q V
ft 208 . 3
in 12
ft 1
in 10
in 12
ft 1
in 5 . 19
2
in 12
ft 1
in 4 2
2
ft 10
2 2
=
e d
c L
V
u
=139.4 k in
short direction
The depth of the footing can be calculated by using the
one-way shear (long direction)
one-way shear design
in. 53 . 16
ft 1
in 12
ft 9 4000 2 0.75
k 1
lb 1000
k 4 . 169
2
c
u
=
= =
b f
V
d
J
Calculate perimeter for two-way shear or punch out
shear. The column is 12 in. x 24 in.
) )
) )
)
) ft 625 . 3
in 12
ft 1
in. 5 . 19 in. 24
ft 625 . 2
in 12
ft 1
in. 5 . 19 in. 12
in. 150 in. 5 . 19 in. 24 2 in. 5 . 19 in. 12 2
2 2
2
1
2 1 o
=
=
=
=
= =
=
d c
d c
d c d c b
u
)
) )
k 2 . 472
ft 625 . 3 ft 625 . 2 k/ft 5.87 k 0 . 528
2
2
n u u
=
=
= d c q P V
11 . 1
ft 9
ft 10
! ! F
The shape parameter
Calculate d from the shear capacity according to
11.12.2.1 chose the largest value of d.
d b f V
0 c
c
c

4
2
!
F
d b f V
0 c c
4 =
d b f
b
d
V
0 c
o
s
c
2
=
o o
s
The depth of the footing can be calculated for the
two way shear
)
in. 84 . 11
in 150 4000
11 . 1
4
2 0.75
k 1
lb 1000
k 2 . 472

4
2
0 c
u
=
=
b f
V
d
J
The third equation b
o
E = 40
)
) )
in. 22 . 9
in 150 4000 2
in 150
in 9.5 1 40
0.75
k 1
lb 1000
k 2 . 472
2
40
0 c
o
u
!
!
b f
b
d
V
d
J
the two way shear
) )
in. 59 . 16
in 150 4000 4 0.75
k 1
lb 1000
k 72.2 4
4
0 c
u
!
! !
b f
V
d
J
Calculate the bending moment of the footing at the edge of
the column (long direction)
ft 83 . 4
in 12
ft 1
in 10
2
in 12
ft 1
in 24
2
ft 10
2 2
=
e
c L
)
)
) ft - k 2 . 616 ft 9
2
ft 83 . 4
ft 83 . 4 k/ft 87 . 5
2
2 2
2 2
n u
= =
= b
e
c L
e
c L
q M
Calculate R
u
)
ksi 1801 . 0
in 5 . 19 *
ft 1
in 12
ft 9
ft 1
in. 12
* ft - k 2 . 616
bd
2
2
u
u
=
= =
M
Use the R
u
)
)
)
)
00344 . 0
ksi 60
ksi 4 05158 . 0
05158 . 0

05158 . 0
2
ksi 4 9 . 0
ksi 1801 . 0
7 . 1 4 7 . 1 7 . 1
0
7 . 1
7 . 1 59 . 0 1
c
y
2
c
u
2
c u
! ! !
!

!
! !
o
o
[
J
[ [ [ [
f
f
f
R
f R
)
2
s
in 24 . 7 in. 5 . 19
ft 1
in. 12
ft 9 00344 . 0 =
= = bd A V
) )
2
s
in 67 . 4 in. 24 in. 108 0018 . 0 0018 . 0 = = = bh A
) )
2
y
s
in 02 . 7 in. 9.5 1 in. 108
60000
200

200
=
= = bd
f
A
Use A
s
=8.36 in
2
with #8 bars (0.79 in
2
). Compute
the number of bars need
bars 11 Use 25 . 10
in 79 . 0
in 1 . 8
2
2
b
s
! ! !
A
A
n
)
)
in 2 . 10
10
in 3 2 - in 108
1
cover * 2
! !
!
n
L
s
edge of the column for short length
ft 4
2
in 12
ft 1
in 12
2
ft 9
2 2
=
c L
)
)
)
ft - k 6 . 469
ft 10
2
ft 4
ft 4 k/ft 87 . 5
2
2 2
2 2
n u
=
=
= b
c L
c L
q M
Calculate R
u
)
ksi 1235 . 0
in 5 . 19 *
ft 1
in 12
ft 10
ft 1
in. 12
* ft - k 69.6 4
bd
2
2
u
u
=
= =
M
Use R
u
)
)
)
00234 . 0
ksi 60
ksi 4 03503 . 0
03503 . 0

03503 . 0
2
ksi 4
ksi 1235 . 0
7 . 1 4 7 . 1 7 . 1
0
7 . 1
7 . 1 59 . 0 1
c
y
2
c
u
2
c u
! ! !
!

!
! !
o
o
[
J
[ [ [ [
f
f
f
R
f R
)
2
s
in 46 . 5 in. 5 . 19
ft 1
in. 12
ft 10 00234 . 0 =
= = bd A V
) )
2
s
in 18 . 5 in. 24 in. 120 0018 . 0 0018 . 0 = = = bh A
) )
2
y
s
in 80 . 7 in. 9.5 1 in. 120
60000
200

200
=
= = bd
f
A
Use A
s
=9.36 in
2
with #6 bar (0.44 in
2
) Compute the
number of bars need
bars 18 Use 7 . 17
in 44 . 0
in .80 7
2
2
b
s
= = =
A
A
n
Calculate the reinforcement bandwidth
947 . 0
1 11 . 1
2
1
2
ent reinforcem Total
bandwidth in ent Reinforcem
!
F
The number of bars in the 9 ft band is 0.947(18)=17 bars .
So place 17 bars in 9 ft section and 1 bars in each in
(10ft - 9ft)/2 =0.5 ft of the band.
bars 1 Use 5 . 0
2
17 18
2
bars band - bars # Total
bar # outside
=
=
=
Determine the spacing between bars for the band of 9 ft
)
in 75 . 6
16
in 108
1
! !
!
n
L
s
Determine the spacing between bars outside the band
in 3
1
3in - in 6 cover
= =
=
n
L
s
1
, at
) ) ) ) ) k 5 . 636 in 4 2 in 12 ksi 4 85 . 0 65 . 0 85 . 0
1 c 1
! ! ! A f N J
2
1
1
2
1 2
2 N
A
A
N N e !
2
) k 1273 k 636.5 2 2 2 6.71
ft 2
ft 90
1 2
2
2
1
2
! ! ! " ! ! N N
A
A
)
2
1
2
2
ft 2
in. 12
ft 1
in 4 2
in. 12
ft 1
in 12
ft 90 ft 10 ft 9
=
=
= =
A
A
P
u
=628 k < N
1
) )
2
1
in 44 . 1 in 4 2 in 12 * 005 . 0 005 . 0 ! ! A
) )
in 19 Use in 97 . 18
psi 4000
psi 60000 in 1 02 . 0
02 . 0
c
y b
d
= = =
f
f d
l
The minimum l
d
) ) in 8 in 18 psi 60000 in 1 0003 . 0 0003 . 0
y b d
> = = = f d l
d
is less than the
development length.
d
for the #8 bars
) )
in 4 . 47
psi 4000 20
in 0 . 1 psi 60000
20 20
c
b y
d
c
y
b
d
! ! ! !
f
d f
l
f
f
d
l
in 60
2
in 18
in 3
2
in 144
2
cover
2
d
! ! !
c L
l
d
for the #6 bars
) )
in 5 . 28
psi 4000 25
in 75 . 0 psi 60000
25 25
c
b y
d
c
y
b
d
! ! ! !
f
d f
l
f
f
d
l
in 39
2
in 18
in 3
2
in 102
2
cover
2
d
= = =
c L
l

Lecture 26

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Lecture 26

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Lecture 26 Lecture 26 Footings Footings

When > 2 the allowable V

Example Example Wall Wall

Example Example Multi Multi- -Column Footing Column Footing

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