The Law of Use and Disuse

He proposed that if an organ is used a lot it will develop and strengthen If it is not used it will atrophy He called this the law of use and disuse

Lamarck
2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

Physical Differences Between Neandertals and Humans

Brain shape Neandertal Receding forehead Brow ridge Large eye sockets Modern Human

Large front teeth Chin Occipital bun receding Retromolar gap

Advantages of Bipedalism
Travel for food
Transport food Feed in stationary position Avoid predatory attacks

Thermoregulatory advantages Tool use

Anatomy of Bipedalism
Shorter/broader pelvis
Human

Valgus angle The angle the femur (leg bone) makes relative to the knee. About 90 degrees in apes, less in bipeds

Great Ape

Valgus angle Knee Lengthened lower limbs Enlarged joint surfaces

Anatomy of Bipedalism
Relocation of foramen magnum
Lower/upper spine curvature Restructuring of rib cage Rearrangement of musculature
Human Great Ape

Origin of the Races

Scientific classification African (groups indigenous to Africa) Caucasian (European populations) Greater Asian (Mongols, Polynesians, Micronesians) Amerindian (North & South American Indians, Eskimos) Australoid (Australia, Papua)

Biological Basis for Race

No specific race genes Skin color melanin (phenomelanin and eumelanin) Melanin expression controlled by the enzyme tyrosinase All people have enough tyrosinase to be very black in skin color Regulation of the tyrosinase determines skin color

Sharing the Planet

Extinct:not alive any more Extinct in the wild: captive individuals survive, but there is no free-living, natural population. Examples: Socorro Dove, Red-tailed Black Shark Critically endangered: faces an extremely high risk of extinction in the immediate future. Examples: Mountain Gorilla, Brown Spider Monkey Endangered: faces a very high risk of extinction in the near future. Examples: Dhole, Blue Whale, Asian Elephant, Giant Panda, Snow Leopard Vulnerable: faces a high risk of extinction in the medium-term. Examples: African Elephant, Cheetah, Gaur, Lion Near threatened: may be considered threatened in the near future. Examples: Bluebilled Duck, Jaguar Least concern: no immediate threat to the survival of the species. Examples: Common Wood Pigeon, Rock Pigeon, Giraffe`

Endangered Species Top Ten List!

According to the World Wildlife Federation, these are the ten most endangered species on earth.

#10 The mako shark

#9 Green-cheeked parrot

# 8 Big leaf mahogany

# 7 Hawksbill Turtle

# 6 Alligator Snapping Turtle

# 5 - Goldenseal

# 4 Beluga sturgeon

# 3 - Tiger

# 2 Giant panda

And, the number one endangered species on the whole dang planet is

The black rhinoceros

And, that s all folks.

Critically Endangered

In India we have six species of the birds which come under this category

White-backed Vulture Gyps bengalensis

This species is widely distributed in India Till late 1990 it was in abundant but declined rapidly Cause veterinary use of diclofenac for livestock Conservation BNHS initiative -Vulture Conservation Center at Pinjore, Buxa and Nagaon - Nation wide Ban on diclofenac - Vulture advocacy programme - Comes under Schedule I of Indian Wildlife ( Protection) Act. 1972

Long-billed Vulture Gyps indicus

This species is also widely distributed in India Like White-backed Vultures their population declined rapidly after 1990 Cause veterinary use of diclofenac for cattle Conservation BNHS initiative -Vulture Conservation Center at Pinjore, Buxa and Nagaon - Nation wide Ban on diclofenac - Vulture advocacy programme - Comes under Schedule I of IndianWildlife (Protection) Act. 1972

Jerdon's Courser Rhinptilus bitorquatus

This is endemic bird found in south-eastern Andhra Pradesh. Earlier known from few places in Central India from Godavari River basin. Habitat specialist bird found only in scrub forest Threats habitat destruction because of human activities Conservation BNHS is carrying out long term study in Sri Lankamalleshwar Sanctuary in Cuddapah district of Andhra Pradesh. - Comes under Schedule I of Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act. 1972

Forest Owlet Heteroglaux blewitti

This bird is endemic to Satpuda Mountains known from only from six places in Central India. Because of the Forest Owlet, the Central Indian Forests come under Endemic Bird Area Only found in dry deciduous forests Threats habitat destruction for fuel wood, illicit wood cutting, overgrazing and direct persecution by tribal Conservation BNHS carried out three year study in Satpuda. Several recommendations have been put forward for its protection and conservation. - Comes under Schedule I of Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act. 1972

Sociable Lapwing Vanellus gregarius

It is a migratory bird visits India during winter Inhabitant of Europe and west-central Asia The population is decreased rapidly in this decade Threats - increasing use of pesticide and change in land use pattern Conservation declared as critically endangered and protected by law in various countries. Listed in Appendix I of CITES.

Pallas's Fish Eagle Haliaetus leucoryphus

Very recently included in Critically Endangered category Inhabitant of large wetlands. It is a breeding migrant to India. Threats habitat loss and destruction, pollution on large water bodies due to pesticides and industrial effluents Conservation - included on Appendix II of CITES. It is listed in Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972

Natural Extinctions
Habitat Disruption
Volcanic Eruptions Asteroid Impact

Habitat Modification
Climate Change Mountain-Building Sea Level Change

Exotic Species
Continental Drift

Extinct Species

Extinct Animals
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