Beryllium Magnesium Calcium Strontium Barium

Element

Be

Mg

Ca

Sr

Ba

Name

Beryllium

Magnesium

Calcium

Strontium

Barium

Proton Number

12

20

38

56

2.2 Electronic configuration [He] 2s2

2.8.2 [Ne] 3s2

2.8.8.2 [Ar] 4s2

2.8.18.8.2 [Kr] 5s2

2.8.18.18.8.2 {Xe} 6s2

S-block elements Reason : Valence electrons occupy the s-orbitals

Flame Test
Element Colour Be Mg Ca Brick red Sr Crimson Ba Apple green

No colourful Brilliant flames white

Due to relatively low ionisation energy

Valence electrons easily excited to high energy level

When fall back, energy emitted as visible light

Atomic Radius

INCREASES going down the group

Going down the group , nuclear charge increases (more protons)

Screening effect also increases

But, the increase in screening effect LARGER

Effective nuclear charge DECREASE

Atomic radius INCREASE

Ionic radius

SMALLER then respective atoms

NOTE:
Comparing to respective neutral atoms Not INCREASE or

2+ Cations charge ____

Lost 2 electrons BUT same number of protons

Screening effect LESS, nuclear charge NO CHANGE

DECREASE.
Effective nuclear charge HIGHER

HIGHER or LOWER

Ionic radius SMALLER

Bond : Metallic Bond

Generally, strength depends on number of electrons per atom donated to delocalised system of the bond.
BUT all group 2 donate same number

Larger

Hence, depends on SIZE

Attraction between nucleus and delocalised valence electron less

LARGER size = WEAKER metallic bond

Weaker metallic bond

LOWER melting point

Atomic Radius Ionic Bond Strength Structure

Melting point
Phy. Prop.

Energy

Ionisation Lattice Hydration

Structure : Lattice Structure

Because Ca size bigger Should be . Intermolecular forces = Weaker

Boiling point =Lower

Structure : Lattice Structure

Element Lattice structure Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Bodycentered cube

Hexagonal close-packed

Face-centered cube

NOTE:
Compare the melting points of G2 elements with same lattice structure, then overall

Structure : Lattice Structure

Hexagonal close-packed Face centered cube Body centered cube

Comparing

and

(same kind of lattice structure)

Mg bigger in size

Weaker metallic bond

Lower boiling point

Atomic Radius Ionic Bond Strength Structure

Melting point
Phy. Prop.

Energy

Ionisation Lattice Hydration

For

ionisation energy

Going down the group, size of atom INCREASES

Effective nuclear charge DECREASES

Attraction between nucleus and valence electron DECREASES

Valence electron EASIER to remove

Ionisation energy DECREASES

ionisation energy much HIGHER

Element Be Mg Ca Sr Ba

1st (kJ mol-1)

900

740

590

550

500

2nd(kJ mol-1)

1800

1450

1150

1060

970

3rd (kJ mol-1) 14800

7700

4900

4200

3390

For

ionisation energy

Third electron (to be removed) is from inner shell

Third electron CLOSER to nucleus

Attractive force between nucleus and valence electron GREATER

MORE ENERGY needed to remove (overcome attractive force)

Third ionisation energy HIGHER

M3+ ions not formed

Energy to form M+ ions lower than to form M2+ ions. But M+ ions not formed. WHY?
Lattice energy The _______ released when ________ of __________is formed from its __________ under ______________ ( -760 kJ mol-1) ( -2490 kJ mol-1) ( -5010 kJ mol-1) The _______ change when _________ of a _________ is formed from its __________ under ______________. a)Mg+ (g) + Cl-(g) MgCl (s) b)Mg2+(g) + 2 Cl-(g) MgCl 2 (s) c)Mg3+(g) + 3 Cl-(g) MgCl 3(s)

Standard Enthalpy of Formation a)Mg(s) + Cl2 (g) MgCl (s) b)Mg(s) + Cl2 (g) MgCl2 (s) c)Mg(s) + 3/2 Cl2 (g) MgCl3 (s) ( -116 kJ mol-1) ( -642 kJ mol-1) (+4292 kJ mol-1)

Energy to form M+ ions lower than to form M2+ ions. But M+ ions not formed. WHY?
The more stable the substance The more negative the energy, the stronger the ionic bond

Lattice energy a) Mg+

(g)

Lattice energy of Mg2+ more exothermic than lattice energy of Mg+

Cl-(g)

MgCl (s) MgCl 2 (s) MgCl 3(s)

kJ mol-1)
Reason : Mg2+ higher charge density. High lattice energy compensates for high energy needed to form Mg2+ ions.

b) Mg2+(g) + 2 Cl-(g) c) Mg3+(g) + 3 Cl-(g)

( kJ mol-1) ( -5010 kJ mol-1)

Then why not M3+ ions?

Energy to form M+ ions lower than to form M2+ ions. But M+ ions not formed. WHY?
Lattice energy a) Mg+
(g)

Cl-(g)

MgCl (s) MgCl 2 (s) MgCl 3(s)

( -760 kJ mol-1) ( ( kJ mol-1) kJ mol-1) Lattice energy of Mg3+more exothermic than lattice energy of Mg2+

b) Mg2+(g) + 2 Cl-(g) c) Mg3+(g) + 3 Cl-(g)

BUT
Note : Mg(g) Mg3+ (g) ( kJmol-1)
Not enough to compensate for high ionisation energy (in forming Mg3+)

VS
Mg(g) Mg2+ (g) ( kJmol-1)

Energy to form M+ ions lower than to form M2+ ions. But M+ ions not formed. WHY?
Standard Enthalpy of Formation a) Mg(s) + Cl2 (g) MgCl (s) ( -116 kJ mol-1) kJ mol-1) ( (+4292 kJ mol-1)

More negative

b) Mg(s) + Cl2 (g) MgCl2 (s) c) Mg(s) + 3/2 Cl2 (g) MgCl3 (s)

More stable

Mg2+ most stable

Atomic Radius Ionic Bond Strength Structure

Melting point
Phy. Prop.

Energy

Ionisation Lattice Hydration

Lattice energy is the when formed from its of an

energy is under

Note : What we are trying to do : form an ionic solid

Lattice energy is a MEASURE of the STRENGTH of the IONIC bond in the solid. More = stronger Lattice energy is proportional to
Charge on cation

Q+Q- _ (r+ + r-)2

Charge on anion

+ Q- _ Q + (r
Radius of cation

-)2 r
Radius of anion

Q+Q- _ (r+ + r-)2

Going down the group, size INCREASES

Inter-ionic distance INCREASES (r+ + r-)

Electrostatic attraction between cation and anion DECREASES Refer to definition

Harder to form ionic solid

Lattice energy decreases (less exothermic)

Atomic Radius Ionic Bond Strength Structure

Melting point
Phy. Prop.

Energy

Ionisation Lattice Hydration

Hydration energy is the when dissolves in of

energy

Mg2+ (g) + aq Mg2+ (aq)

(-1921 kjmol-1)

Release heat

Higher number = stronger ion-dipole attraction

* Negative sign not indication of small VALUE but of RELEASE of heat

Due to formation of attraction and between the

Mg2+ (g) + aq Mg2+ (aq)

Cation Be2+ Mg2+ 0.065 30.8 -1921 Ionic radius / nm 0.031 Charge density (charge nm-1) Hydration energy(kJmol-1) 64.5 -2494 Most stable

(-1921 kjmol-1)
Ca2+ 0.099 20.2 -1577 Sr2+ 0.113 17.7 -1443 Ba2+ 0.135 14.8 -1305

Hydration energy depends on strength of ion-dipole attractive force.

Going down the group, size of cation INCREASES

Charge density DECREASES

Ion-dipole attraction becomes WEAKER

Harder to form hydrated ions

Refer to definition

Hydration energy DECREASES

Chemical properties of group 2 elements

Group 2 elements are electropositive or electronegative?????

*Electropositive .because they have the ability to remove / donate electrons to form positive ion

GENERAL REACTIVITY
The alkaline earth metals(group 2 elements) are high in the reactivity series of metals, but not as high as the alkali metals of Group 1.

WHY?
Because group 2 elements need to remove / donate 2 electrons in order for them to form a stable ion. However, group 1 elements just need to donate 1 electron in order for them to form a stable ion.

REACTIVITY :
Be Mg Ca Sr Ba

The most reactive element. Reason : the atomic size is big, distance between the nucleus and valence electrons is further. Hence easier to release 2 valence electrons to form ion.

Strong Reducing Agents

*All group 2 elements are strong reducing agents as they can easily lose their two valence electrons to form ions.

M2+

+ 2e

M2+ + 2e
Element E o/ V Be - 1.85 Mg - 2.37 Ca - 2.87

M
Sr - 2.89 Ba - 2.90

The Eo value increases *the more ve the Eo value, the stronger the reducing power.

Order of increasing reducing strength :

Be

Mg

Ca

Sr

Ba

Reaction of elements with

2

Water

1
Oxygen

All the metals except beryllium form oxides ( white solid) when expose to air which dulls the surface of the metal.

2Mg(s) + O2(g)
. . .

2MgO(s)
*Reactivity increases down the group

2Ba(s) + O (g)
2

2BaO(s)

All the metals except beryllium reduce water to hydrogen and hydroxide is formed :
Be Mg Ca React fast with hot water Sr React vigorous with cold water Ba React vigorous with cold water

React slowly React fast with with steam steam/hardly react

Beryllium React slowly / no reaction with steam even at high temperature Magnesium Reacts slowly with water to produce magnesium hydroxide - a sparingly soluble weak alkali .The reaction can be speeded up by using steam Mg(s) + 2H2O(g) Mg(OH)2(s) + H2(g)

Calcium Reacts steadily with water to produce a slightly soluble alkali Calcium hydroxide. Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)

Strontium Strontium reacts quickly with water to produce a water soluble alkali Sr(s) + 2H2O(l) Sr(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)

Barium Barium reacts rapidly with water to produce a soluble strong alkali. Ba(s) + 2H2O(l) Ba(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)

Solution of Ba(OH)2 soon turns cloudy becauze it can react with CO2 from the air to form insoluble barium carbonate, BaCO3 . Ba(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) BaCO3(s) + H2O(aq)

Solubility of hydroxide
Hydroxide
Solubility

Be(OH)2
insoluble

Mg(OH)2
insoluble

Ca(OH)2
Sparingly soluble 0.12

Sr(OH)2
Soluble

Ba(OH)2
Soluble

Solubility/g per 100g H2O

insoluble

0.0012

1.0

4.7

*Solubility increases down the group

Going down the group, *size of cation increases *Both H lattice and H hydration decreases *Decrease in H lattice more significant *therefore, H solution is more negative(exothermic, easier to dissolve) *hence, solubility increase

H lat : g s H hyd : g aq H sol : s aq

M 2- (g) + OH2- (g) H hyd H lat H sol H lat M(OH)2(s) H sol H hyd

M2- (aq) + 2OH2- (aq)

Physical chemistry ,Chapter 14 Thermochemistry (pg13)

Thermal Decomposition

Thermal Decomposition of Nitrates, Carbonates and Hydroxides

1.All nitrates are decomposed by heat to metal oxides, nitrogen dioxide and oxygen gases. 2M(NO3)2(s) 2MO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

2.All carbonates decompose to metallic oxides and carbon dioxide upon heating. MCO3(s) MO(s) + CO2(g)

3.All hydroxides decompose to metallic oxides and water vapour upon heating. M(OH)2(s) MO(s) + H2O(g)

As you go down the Group, the nitrates ,carbonates and hydroxides have to be heated more strongly before they will decompose to form oxides. For example carbonates, *the cation size increases down the group *hence, the density charge decreases down the group *the polarising power of cation on the anion becomes weaker *hence, the C---O bond become increasingly difficult too break as the carbonate becomes more ionic
NOTE: #The more the distortion of ve ions, the more the covalent character and hence making the decomposition easier

Why form oxides???

(1) O2- ions have a smaller size compared to NO2- , CO32- and OH ions. *higher charge density , which can approach cations more easily *this increases the strength of the ionic bonds in the oxides making them more stable (2) Higher lattice energy (g s) *the higher the lattice energy, the more stable the compound formed *more exothermic (releases more energy)

1) Solubility of Group 2 Sulphates 2) Anomalous (cacated) properties of beryllium 3) Uses of Group 2 elements

http://prezi.com/m1ar4zkicmlu/group-2/ Just use this link =)

Which statement concerning Group 2 elements is not correct? A B C D the metals in Group 2 are good reducing agents the solubility of Group 2 sulphates decreases on descending the group the Group 2 nitrates and carbonates decompose when heated into their corresponding oxides the charge density of the cations in Group 2 increases on descending the group

Answer : D Reason : charge density = charge / ionic radius The ionic charge for all Group 2 elements is +2. The ionic radii increases resulting in decreasing charge density on descending Group 2

The increase in the atomic or ionic size of the Group 2 elements down the group result in A B C D increasing solubility of the sulphates decreasing thermal stability of the carbonates oxides becoming less basic increasing reactivity of the elements towards water

Answer : D Reason : in the reaction between G2 elements and water, the G2 elements act as reducing agents, reducing water to hydrogen. As atomic size increases down the group, the ionisation energy decreases and the ability to lose electrons (oxidising power) increases. Hence reactivity towards water increases. Going down G2, thermal stability of carbonate oxides become more basic. , solubility of sulphates and

Which of the following is most likely to form covalent compounds?

A B C D

Beryllium Magnesium Strontium Barium

Answer : A Reason : It is difficult for Be to form Be2+ due to its small size. The charge density of Be2+ is also very large, making it a powerful polariser towards any anion that it is bonded to. Hence most of the compounds of Beryllium are either covalent or are ionic but with a large percentage of covalent character

What is the best method for the extraction of magnesium? A B C D E Answer : D Reason : Reactive metals of Groups 1 and 2 are extracted by electrolysis of molten oxides or salts of the metals Carbon is too weak a reducing agent to reduce magnesium compounds. Sodium is itself very expensive to extract, so is not used to extract other metals. Electrolysis of magnesium chloride solution would produce hydrogen gas instead of magnesium Reduction of magnesium oxide in carbon Reduction of magnesium oxide using sodium Electrolysis of magnesium chloride solution Electrolysis of molten magnesium chloride Pass chlorine gas into magnesium bromide solution

The values of the lattice energy and the hydration energy of three sulphate salts P, Q, and R which are elements in Group 2 of the Periodic Table are given below. Salt P Q R Lattice Energy / kJ mol-1 -2489 -2374 -2484 Hydration Energy / kJ mole-1 -1650 -1360 -1480

Which sequence is in the order of decreasing solubility? A B C D Answer : B Reason : H solution = | H lattice energy | - | Hhydration | The more positive the H solution, the less soluble the sulphate P,Q,R P,R,Q Q,R,P R,P,Q

The diagram below shows the scheme of reactions for a salt, X. Colourless solution

Flame test Red flame

Add H2SO4 (aq)

Heat

White solid formed The salt X is probably A B C D BaSO4 MgCl2 Be(OH)2 Ca(NO3)2

Brown gas Answer : D Reason : when Ca ions are heated, red light is emitted. Ca(NO3)2 dissolves in water to form a colourless solution. (Ca is not a transition metal) When Ca(NO3)2 is heated, NO2, a brown gas is formed. 2Ca(NO3)2 2CaO + 4NO2 + O2 Ca(NO3)2 reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to form a white precipitate, CaSO4 Ca2+ + SO42- CaSO4

The standard electrode potential, E . M2+(aq) / M(s) for elements in Group 2 becomes more negative upon descending the group. This shows that its A B C D basic properties increase metallic character increases reactivity decreases strength as a reducing agent increases

Answer : D Reason : the more negative E is, the stronger is the reducing agent. On descending Group 2, the standard electrode potential becomes more negative. Therefore its strength as a reducing agent increases.

2Mg + O2 2MgO 2Ca + O2 2CaO 2Sr + O2 2SrO

I II III

Which of the following is correct about the above reactions? Reactivity A B C D Decreases from I to III Decreases from I to III The same in I, II, and III Increases from I to III Answer : D Reason : on descending Group 2, the reactivity of the elements towards oxygen increases. Also, their strengths as reducing agents increase Reason The atomic size of the elements increase Ionic behaviour of substances formed decrease All three elements are reactive metals Reducing power of elements increase

Referring to the table below, the melting points of the oxides of Group 2 elements decrease on descending the group because Oxides of Group 2 Melting point / oC A B C D MgO 2880 CaO 2610 SrO 2327 BaO 1915

the electropositivity of the elements is increasing the ionic radius of the metal increases, and therefore weakens the ionic bond the covalent character in the ionic bond increases the polarisation of the anion by the cation is increasing

Answer : B Reason : on descending the group, the radii of the metallic ions increase. Therefore the ionic bond is weakened and becomes easily broken when heated, resulting in low melting point

Which nitrate of the elements of Group 2 has the highest thermal stability? A B C D Strontium nitrate Calcium nitrate Barium nitrate Beryllium nitrate

Answer : C Reason : the thermal stability of the nitrates increases on descending Group 2 because the size of the cation increases