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Water supply coverage 0%~25% 25%~50% 51%~75% 76%~90% 91%~100% Missing data
Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report (WHO and UNICEF)
Sanitation coverage
0%~25% 25%~50% 51%~75% 76%~90% 91%~100% Missing data
Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report (WHO and UNICEF)
Two-Stage Filtration
filtration Turbidity (NTU) < 5,000 Color (apparent) < 3,000 Coliform (#/mL) < 107 Algae (ASU/mL) < 105 Asbestos fiber (#/mL) < 1010 Taste and odor (TON) < 30
The criteria shown are a general condition. If the raw water turbidity exceeds 1,000 NTU, a presedimentation process is required for all conventional complete treatment processes.
Strainer
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Principle of Separation
Desalination
Removal of dissolved gases (H2S, CH4, NH3) Addition of CO2, Cl2, O3 to water
Diffusion
Water evaporation and diffusion Nucleation, insolubility of solid Reduction of Gibbs interfacial free energy, size
Heat
precipitant, pH
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Air Stripping
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Gravity, rising or attached Size, density air bubbles Gravity Size, density and structure Size, density
Centrifugal force
Cloth or metal membrane, Size vacuum or mechanical pressure Metal screen, various size Size openings
Screening
Conventional treatment with rapid sand filter: 1~1.5 fps (0.3~0.45 m/s) Direct filtration or conventional with multimedia filter: 3 fps (0.9 m/s)
Filter effluent line: Filter wash water main: Wash waste main: Distribution main: Pump suction line: Pump discharge line:
5~6 fps (1.5~1.8 m/s) 5~6 fps (1.5~1.8 m/s) 6 fps (1.8 m/s) 6 fps (1.8 m/s) 4~6 fps (1.2~1.8 m/s) 7~9 fps (2.1~2.7 m/s)
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Fee Structure
1. Salary cost times a multiplier, plus other direct costs Used when the work scope cannot be defined accurately - Salary cost Payroll factor (1.3~1.4) A multiplier (2.3 - 2.5) e.g., $25/hr 1.3 2.4 = $78/hr - Other identifiable costs + 10 ~ 15% service charge Little chance of losing money
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Project Control
1. Assign a job number to the project. e.g., 99-WT1 2. Prepare a contract brief, billing summary, and a budget worksheet. 3. Create project files. 4. Prepare a control schedule, including the period of activity, the budget for each activity, meeting dates for coordination, a final check date, etc. Critical Path Method (CPM), Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT), Integrated Budget and Schedule Monitoring Technique (IBSM) 5. Investigate all requirements established by local, state, and federal agencies.
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Bar Chart
While the duration of each task is easily shown, the sequence between tasks can not be easily shown. Sequence is not well shown on Bar Charts.
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- continued
Project tasks (activities): arrows Circles at the beginning and end of activities: nodes - Pairs of nodes are used to identify each activity. Showing sequence in arrow diagrams often requires the "logic dummy." To show that Activity D precedes both Activity F and Activity G, a logic dummy will be required.
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Line-of-Balance Method
Useful for projects where similar work is to be accomplished through a range of work areas, e.g., highways, civil works job, mid- or high-rise building projects and multi-unit housing construction.
The slopes of each of the activity lines shows the productivity of the crews as they move through each area of the project. Notice that Activity B, which has a high productivity per work area is not a continuous line. A broken line shows idle time for workers as they wait for the crew before them to finish an area.
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Preliminary Studies
Feasibility Study 1. Planning period: 10 ~ 20 yrs 2. Water supply areas 3. Future population 4. Maximum daily water demand Average annual rate: 100 (80~130) gal per capita per day Maximum daily demand: 150% of avg. annual rate 5. Evaluation and selection of the water source River, lake, artificial reservoir, groundwater, reclaimed sewage or seawater, etc. Quantity, quality, climatic conditions, operator safety, minimal operations and maintenance costs, potential future contamination, easy intake expansion
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Preliminary Studies
Feasibility Study - continued 6. Size of the water treatment plant As a rule of thumb, the required available site area: A (acres) Q0.6 (mgd) - One large plant vs two or three medium size plants 7. Treatment plant size Geographical location, geological information, availability of electric power and utilities, accessability to major highways, history of flooding, construction cost, site maintenance costs, provisions for future plant expansion 8. Financing Revenue bonds, general obligation bonds, special assessment bonds, state and federal aid funds, etc.
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Notes: (1) The table does not include the overhead and profit of the contractor; these are generally 20% of the total cost shown above. (2) The above figures are based on a high-rate conventional process.
Civil work (earthwork, g Yard pipings Landscaping and irrigati Operations building (che Flocculation and sedime Filters
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1986 Amendment and the National Primary Drinking Water Regulation (NPDWR) Filtered water turbidity: 0.3 NTU for 95% of the time Disinfection: 99.9% of Giardia lamblia cysts and 99.99% of enteric viruses must be removed MCLs for disinfection by-products (DBPs) MCLs for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) MCLs for synthetic organic compounds (SOCs) (pesticides, PCBs, acrylamide, epichlorohydria, styrene, etc.) and for inorganic compounds (IOCs) (nitrate, nitrite, asbestos, etc.) MCLs for corrosion by-products such as lead (0.015 mg/L) and copper (1.3 mg/L) and pH
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Local agency supplies water meeting enforceable STANDARDS and its own GOALS
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Health
cost
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CCL
Regulatory Determination Priorities 20 contaminants Research and Occurrence Priorities 40 contaminants
CCL
(2005)
9 microbiological contaminants and 42 chemical contaminants or contaminant groups
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Restrictions: Due to economic, physical, chemical, temporal, climatic, geological, sociological, legal, or aesthetic considerations imposed by local, state, or federal agencies. Constrains: due to building codes, zoning laws, OSHA regulations and standards, and limited number of available components, materials, technology and qualified personnel.
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Treatment Process Selection: Alternatives Alternatives: established by the characteristics of the raw water and the finished water quality goals; consider future implementation of more stringent EPA standards, possible changes and variability of the raw water quality, availability of major equipment, postinstallation services, capability of operators and maintenance personnel, waste handling requirements, and availability and cost of chemicals. Final Process Selection: based on reliability, constructability, ease of operation, simple maintenance, and cost.
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Important to establish the hydraulic grade line across the plant when selecting the site. For conventional water treatment plants, 16 ~ 17 ft of headloss is expected. For plants employing preozonation or GAC adsorption processes, 25 ft of headloss is expected. The ideal plant site will have a 3 ~ 5% one-way slope.
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Geotechnical Considerations
Information necessary to design foundations, ground characteristics, soil characteristics. - Soil pressure - Data on excavation and fill - Groundwater level - Site seismicity
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Instrumentation and Control System Objectives: to provide Continuous production and supply of safe drinking water Automatic execution of corrective measures and automatic response Minimizing the potential human error Capability to quickly solve analytic problems Ability to diagnose problems in remotely located equipment before a malfunction occurs
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Plant Layout
Use a computer-aided design and drafting system (CADD) Basic plant layout: cluster, satellite or college campus Engineering consideration - minimization of civil work costs - ease of construction - automatic, equal hydraulic loading to each unit - centralization of control and operation - physical separation of the major unit process structures - master plan development for plant and piping layout - climatic conditions architectural design
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Campus Layout
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Floc/Sed Tanks
Floc/Sed Tanks
Floc/Sed Tanks
Filters
Filters
Clear Wells
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Process Diagram
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Required to file an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) prior to implementation. Must include detailed studies and an analysis of the environmental impact of the facility. Requires a team of many specialists (biologists, hydrologist, archaeologists, and economists) Should indicate no environmental impact by the proposed project Could have tremendous impact on the design, construction schedule, and total cost of the project
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