Water Pollution

Pollution

There are many differents types of pollution as:

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Water pollution Air pollution Land contamination

Water is precious
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Water is undoubtedly the most precious natural resource that exists on our planet. Water covers over 70% of the Earth's surface. Only a small fraction (about 3%) is fresh water.

Water Resources
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Two types of water resources: Surface water : x oceans x rivers x lakes

Groundwater These are the two types of water resources that pollution affects
2.

Distribution of Water Reservoirs

Ice Caps and Glaciers 1.725% Atmosphere 0.01% Oceans 97%

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The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again.

Soil Moisture 0.0012%

Rivers, Lakes, and Inland Seas 0.141%

Ground Water 0.4 1.7%

What is water pollution?

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It means one or more substances have built up in water to such an extent that they cause problems for animals or people. When it is unfit for its intended use, water is considered polluted.

Major water pollutants

1.Disease causing agents 2.Oxygen-demanding waste 3.Water-soluble pollutants 4.Nutients 5.Organic compounds 6.Suspended sediments 7.Radioactive compounds

How does water pollution occurr?

Water pollution ocurrs when a lot of chemicals, sewage and fertilizers are dropped and if it is not treated before being discharged into waterways, serious pollution is the result.

Sources of water pollution are generally grouped into two categories

Non-point source of pollution: Contamination gathered by water over a large area.

Point-source of pollution: Contaminants enter a waterway at a discrete point

The various ways in which man pollutes water

Untreated or inadequately treated municipal sewage
An example of Point source of pollution

Untreated sewage seeps in and contaminates groundwater aquifers Such aquifers show a higher than acceptable level of nitrate content

Reaches ground water bodies

The various ways in which man pollutes water

Agricultur An example of Non- Point source of e
pollution

dissolve in irrigation water or rainwater.

They contaminate surface water and groundwater with pollutants like

nitrates, phosphates and non degradable synthetic organic pollutants

Agriculture is a major source of groundwater contamination.

The various ways in which man pollutes water

Industry
An example of Point source of pollution

Agro industries their wastes have high concentration of dissolved organic matter Can you name any Agro Industry? sugar, food processing, pulp and paper, distilleries Chemical Industries If their wastes are not treated properly, the chemicals can destroy our soil and water resources.

Petroleum refining water used in the process needs to be Name some Chemical separated from all the oil before releasing it into industries naturebut is that done?? Minamata
disease

Causes of pollution
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Most water pollution doesn't begin in the water itself. Take the oceans: around 80 percent of ocean pollution enters our seas from the land. Water pollution has many different causes and this is one of the reasons why it is such a difficult problem to solve.

1.Pathogens

A manhole cover unable to contain a sanitary sewer overflow.

Agriculture
Fertilizers and pesticides easily dissolve in water. They enter surface water sources through rainwater and irrigation runoff and also percolate into the ground to contaminate groundwater sources.

World agricultural area under irrigation

Global fertilizer consumption

Source: http://www.earthpolicy.org/Updates/2008/Up date72_data.htm#fig11

Source: http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/global_fertilizer_consumption, cartographer: Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal

Increased Demand for Animal Products

Overgrazing soil washed out into freshwater sources Animal bathing in freshwater sources Animal faeces pollutes water and soil Water pollution caused by food processing industries

INCREASED INDUSTRIALISATION
Increase in Population

Lets look around us ..

Increase demand for goods

Clothes we wear dyes and bleaches Paper, paper, paper everywhere Leather bags and shoes Batteries Metal plating Paints Plastics Pharmaceuticals

More Industrialisation

All these industries are highly water polluting

Increased industrialization results in

Increased mining for Raw Materials

Mining is a highly polluting industry The Damodar river travels through
6 coal fields, 183 coal mines, 28 iron ore mines, 33 limestone mines, 5 copper ore mines, 84 mica mines and Numerous graphite, silver and uranium extracting units.

Water in this river is polluted beyond repair

Increased solid waste generation

Lifestyle changes Use and throw culture Higher aspirations Change in packaging Disregard for natural resources Inadequate waste management systems

Increased solid waste generation

water pollution

Waste dumped in surface water bodies Waste dumped in open landfills toxic materials leach into soil and groundwater Waste burnt air pollutants dissolve in rainwater and pollute surface water sources or seep into ground water aquifers

Additional stress in urban areas

Lakes, tanks and ponds being destroyed. Land filled for construction purposes. Unsustainable extraction of groundwater in urban areas, affecting groundwater quality. Receive sewage that cannot be handled by sewage treatment plants. Disposal of solid and liquid wastes above or into groundwater aquifers.

Religion and Water pollution

Idol immersion Paints contain many heavy metals Bathing in holy rivers
More than10 million people bathe in the Ganga daily! During the annual Kumbh Mela, more than a million people take a dip in Allahabad alone!

Dead bodies Prayer materials

Oil


Largest source of oil pollution is pipeline leaks and runoff

61% ocean oil pollution river & urban runoff  30% intentional discharges from tankers  5% accidental spills from tankers


Thermal pollution
26% of all water in U.S. is affected by this  Up to a point of adding heated water, you can get thermal enrichment  Adding more heat, you get thermal pollution


WATER POLLUTION

Natural

Anthropogenic

Chemical

Microbial

Natural pollution
Groundwater in certain areas is rich in some inorganic chemical compounds such as fluorides, arsenic etc.

These chemicals bio accumulate in the body. They are not excreted out of the body easily and if rate of intake is higher than rate of excretion, they accumulate in the body.

Arsenic
In groundwater

Fluoride
In groundwater

Natural pollution can introduce chemicals that collect in our bodies. Over time this can cause chronic problems and even life threatening diseases.

Fluorosis
Excess fluoride in the body (above 1.5 2 ppm)

Natural pollution

http://www.fannz.org.nz

Ruhani Kaur/UNICEF India

Skeletal Fluorosis

Dental Fluorosis

20 states in India have groundwater that is rich in fluoride

Natural pollution

Arsenicosis causes
Liver damage (jaundice, cirrhosis) Vascular disease Cancers of the

liver

lung

kidney

skin

bladder

Chemical

Anthropogenic water pollution

Impacts: Health Aquatic life Other impacts

Microbial

Chemical contamination and its impacts Nitrates

Anthropogenic pollution

Sources
Fertilizers Unsanitary conditions Leaks Unhygienic practices

Drinking water contaminated with nitrates can lead to serious, even fatal consequences particularly for infants. In human body, nitrate is converted to nitrite which then combines with haemoglobin to form metheamoglobin which reduces oxygen levels in the blood. This causes cyanosis (blue baby syndrome) and in severe cases it can cause death

Chemical contamination and its impacts Heavy Metals

Lead: Industrial effluents from battery manufacturing industries, industries which have a paint shop etc.

Anthropogenic pollution

These compounds bio-accumulate in our bodies and are dangerous to health and life. Many cause cancer, affect various vital organs and can cause death.

Cadmium: Marine and aerospace applications; some fertilisers, detergents and refined petroleum products.

Mercury: Widespread use in industrial processes and in various products (e.g. batteries, lamps and thermometers)

Chemical contamination and its impacts

Anthropogenic pollution

Lead: Kidney, nerve and brain damage; anaemia leads to death. Children most susceptible

Cadmium: Kidney damage, genetic mutations

Mercury: Damage to brain and central nervous system

Chemical contamination and its impacts Synthetic Organic Chemicals

Anthropogenic pollution

These compounds bio-accumulate in our bodies and are dangerous to health and life.

Pesticides Cause cancers, damage to the nervous system, reproductive system, endocrinal system Plastics

Dyes

Anthropogenic pollution

Minamata disease
Industrial wastewater from the Chisso corporation (manufacturing fertilizers and other chemicals) was released into the Minamata Bay in Japan The waste water was rich in methyl mercury Mercury content in shellfish in that region increased People ate the shellfish and the cats ate the leftovers

Anthropogenic pollution

Minamata disease
Strange things started to happen cats had convulsions and died, crows fell from the sky, dead fish floated.. Young children had convulsions and difficulty in walking and speaking People died Investigation showed organic mercury poisoning affecting the nervous system First discovered in 1956 Lawsuits and claims continue till today

Anthropogenic pollution

Health impacts of Microbial contamination of water

Water-borne Diseases

Water-based Diseases

Water-washed Diseases

Water-related vector borne Diseases

Water borne diseases (also water-washed and food borne)

Diseases caused by ingestion of water contaminated by human or animal excrement, which contain pathogenic microorganisms Cholera Diarrhoeal diseases (dysentry) Typhoid Infective jaundice Polio Roundworm

The Faecal-Oral Route of Disease Transmission Faecal-

Faeces - the most dangerous

pollutant
One gram of human excreta can contain: 10,000,000 viruses 1,000,000 bacteria 1,000 parasite cysts 100 parasite eggs Source: United Nations Childrens Fund, Sanitation for All: Promoting Dignity and Human Rights. UNICEF, New York, 2000.

Water washed disease

Diseases caused by poor personal hygiene and skin and eye contact with contaminated water

Scabies Skin sepsis and ulcers Leprosy Lice and typhus Trachoma Conjunctivitis Dysenteries Ascariasis Paratyphoid

How Trachoma spreads

Water washed diseases

Not enough water to keep clean Scabies Trachoma

Affect of anthropogenic water pollution on freshwater aquatic populations

Sewage / Organic pollution in lakes eutrophication (all life in lake dies)

Industrial effluents dumped into rivers fish kills and loss of underwater plants

Affect of anthropogenic water pollution on marine biodiversity

Oil spills in oceans huge damage to marine biodiversity Garbage in oceans mistaken for food and consumed by marine animals. Causes death Chemical pollution from land based sources, damage marine biodiversity

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Acid rain
Acid rain rain in which SO2, oxides of nitrogen, chlorine, CO2 etc. are dissolved

Affects the hatching of fish eggs pHs lower than 5 can kill adult fish. Has eliminated insect life and some fish species Kills microbes in the soil and alters soil chemistry

Acid rain
Acid rain rain in which SO2 and oxides of nitrogen are dissolved

High altitude forests are especially vulnerable as they are often surrounded by clouds and fog which are more acidic than rain.

Damages buildings and historical monuments

Sulphuric acid in the rain reacts chemically with the calcium compounds in the stones - limestone, sandstone, marble and granite - to create gypsum, which then flakes off.

How do we know that water is polluted?

Sometimes polluted water changes colour..but not always

Sometimes it tastes different ..but not always

Sometimes it stinksbut not always

How do we know that water is polluted?

Water pollution can be confirmed only by testing it in a lab

Control of water pollution

Domestic sewage


In urban areas, domestic sewage is treated by centralized sewage treatment plants.

Deer Island Waste Water Treatment Plant serving Boston, Massachusetts

Municipal treatment plants are designed to control conventional pollutants. Most municipal plants are not designed to treat toxic pollutants found in industrial waste water.

To reduce discharges of untreated sewage govt. use two approaches: First, Utilizing a green infrastructure approach & Second reduce the hydraulic overloading of treatment.  A household or business not served by municipal treatment may have an individual septic tank, which treats the waste water on site and discharges into the soil.


Industrial waste water



Some of these facilities can install a pre-treatment system to remove the toxic components, & then send the partially treated waste water to the municipal system.

Dissolved air flotation system for treating industrial wastewater.

Some industries have been successful at redesigning their manufacturing processes to reduce or eliminate pollutants. Heated water generated by power plants may be controlled with cooling ponds, man made bodies water designed for cooling by evaporation & radiation cooling towers. It is a process where waste heat is recycled for domestic and/or industrial heating purposes.

Agriculture waste water



Farmers may utilize erosion controls to reduce runoff flows & retain soil on their fields, Common techniques include: Contour plowing, crop mulching, crop rotation, planting perennial crops & installing Riparian buffers. Riparian buffer lining a creek in Iowa Farmers can develop & implement nutrient management plans to reduce excess application of nutrients. To minimize pesticide impacts, farmer may use Integrated Pest Management(IPM) techniques to maintain control over pests and protect water quality.

Construction site storm water



It is managed by installation of: Erosion controls such as mulching & hydro seeding, and sediment controls, such as sediment basins & silt fences.

Urban runoff


It Effective control of urban runoff involves reducing the velocity & flow of storm water. Local govts use the variety of storm water management techniques to reduce the effects of urban runoff. These techniques called the best management practices(BMPs) in the U.S. Pollution prevention techniques include: installation of green roofs and improved chemical handling

LEGAL CONTROL OF WATER POLLUTION IN INDIA

Indian govt. has spent nearly 20,000 crore rs. till now on various schemes in India, like the Ganga Action Plan & Yamuna Action Plan, to control water pollution in rivers. But no positive results have been achieved as yet.

Contemporary Law
The Indian Penal Code (IPC),the first penal statue passed by the British Govt. as early as in 1860 contains comprehensive provisions to restraint the occurrence of pollution of water.

In 1953 the state of Orissa took a lead by passing the Orissa River Pollution Prevention Act. Then Maharashtra came out with the much more comprehensive statue: Maharashtra Prevention of Water Pollution Act, 1969. Now only the Central Govt. is empowered to legislate by virtue of entry 56 of the union list of the seventh schedule.This formed the basis for the enacting a comprehensive statue to prevent & control water pollution in India called; The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution), Act,1974.

Case Study:
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The Ganga, India

The Ganga River Exploitation The Ganga Action Plan Attainable Objectives The Strategy Implementation Problems Conclusion

Seechewal

What Can You Do?

Fertilize garden and yard plants with manure or compost instead of commercial inorganic fertilizer. Minimize your use of pesticides. Do not apply fertilizer or pesticides near a body of water. Grow or buy organic foods. Do not drink bottled water unless tests show that your tap water is contaminated. Merely refill and reuse plastic bottles with tap water. Compost your food wastes. Do not use water fresheners in toilets. Do not flush unwanted medicines down the toilet. Do not pour pesticides, paints, solvents, oil, antifreeze, or other products containing harmful chemicals down the drain or onto the ground.

CONCLUSION
I think that we have to change our habits because the water is a precious natural resource and if we follow the same way, one day maybe our sons woke up and they wont have water to drink.

Thank you