Link Budget

Power budget
PRE PLANNING
Dim ensioning Requirem ents and strategy for coverage, capacity and quality PER SERVICE Network configuration Configuration Planning Node -B Configuration Antenna line configuration Power budget PER SERVICE
DETAILED PLANNING
Coverage and Capacity Planning Propagation m easurem ents Coverage prediction Load estim ation Traffic distribution Planned Service and QoS definition Site selection and planning Site acquisition Param eter Planning Area/cell specific Handover strategies Other RRM
POST PLANNING
Post-launch optim isation Measurem ent surveys Statistical perform ance analysis Quality Efficiency Availability
Pre -launch optim isation Measurem ents
Module 6 Power budget

Objectives After this module the participant shall be able to: Calculate power budget for selected base station configuration
Module Contents
Introduction Power budget calculation Power budget balance
Introduction
R99 DCH uplink link budget
DPDCH and DPCCH are included Uplink Eb/No figures include the overhead generated by the DPCCH
HSDPA uplink link budget
DPDCH, DPCCH and HS-DPCCH are included Composite Eb/No figure is derived by adding the peak HSDPCCH overhead to the R99 DCH Eb/No (this overhead often appears in the transmitter section of the link budget)
HSUPA uplink link budget
E-DPDCH, E-DPCCH, DPCCH, DPDCH and HS-DPCCH to consider New set of Eb/No figures generated from link level simulations which include the E-DPDCH, E-DPCCH and DPCCH
Power budget
The target of the power budget calculation is to estimate the maximum allowed path loss on radio path from transmit antenna to receive antenna
The minimum Eb/N0 (and BER/BLER) requirement is achieved with the maximum allowed path loss and transmit power_ULboth in UL & DL Lpmx a
The maximum path loss can be used to calculate cell range R

R
Lpmx_DL a
Module Contents
Introduction Power budget calculation
R99 power budget HSDPA power budget HSUPA power budget
Power budget balance
Power budget Calculations

Link budget Chip rate 3840.00 UL Data rate 12.20 UL Load 50% Voice 12.2 kbit/s, 3 km/h, Macro 4 DL data rate DL load 12.20 80%
RECEIVING END Thermal Noise Density Receiver Noise Figure Receiver Noise Density Noise Power at receiver [NoW ] Reguired Eb/No Soft handover MDC gain Processing gain Interference margin Required Ec/Io at receiver Receiver Sensitivity Cable loss Benefit of using MHA Body loss Antenna gain RX Soft handover gain Fast fading margin Isotropic power TRANSMITTING END Power per connection Cable loss Body loss Antenna gain TX Peak EIRP Isotropic path loss
Uplink Downlink BS MS dBm/Hz -174.0 -174.0 dB 3.0 8.0 dBm/Hz -171.0 -166.0 -105.1 -100.1 dBm dB 4.4 7.9 dB 0.0 1.0 dB 25.0 25.0 dB 3.0 7.0 -17.6 -11.1 dB -122.7 -111.2 dBm dB 3.0 0.0 dB 3.0 n/a dB n/a 3.0 dBi 18.0 0.0 dB 2.0 2.0 dB 0.0 0.0 -142.7 -110.2 dBm MS dBm dB dB dBi dBm dB 21.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 18.0 160.7 BS 34.4 3.0 n/a 18.0 49.4 159.6 DL Limited!
The calculation is done for each service (bit rate) separately The power budget can be used the estimate link balance (UL vs. DL)
Limiting direction in defined conditions
Link budget
Chip rate 3840.00 UL Data rate 12.20 UL Load 50% Voice 12.2 kbit/s, 3 km/h, Macro 4
Data Rate in UL and DL depends WCDMA Power budget on serv can be asymmetric
DL data rate DL load 12.20 80%
Maximum Load needs to be defined for Dimensioning:
should not exceed 70% should be at least 30% to avoid excessive cell breathing typically higher in DL than in UL
Link budget
Thermal WCDMA Power noise density: noise budget Theoretical background

density Depends on temperature Thermal Noise density [dBm/Hz] is defined as:
Thermal_ Noise _ Density = 10 * Log(kT )

Where: k is Boltzman's constant T is the temperature in Kelvin
in normal +20 C0 conditions the thermal noise density is -173.98 Receiver Noise Figure: dBm/Hz
Receiver performance measure; how much receiver decreases the signal C/I Requirement from specifications for BTS and MS performance
Link budget
Receiver noise density is the sum WCDMA Power budget the of the thermal noise density and
Receiver Noise Density [dBm/Hz]
DL data rate DL load
12.20 80%
receiver noise figure. Thermal Noise density [dBm/Hz] + Receiverto calculate the thermal In order noise figure [dB] = Receiver Noise Density [dBm/Hz] Noise power of the receiver (the receiver noise floor without external interference) the receiver noise power is calculated at the WCDMA carrier bandwidth.
receiver noise power [dBm] =

=Receiver Noise Density [dBm/Hz] + 10log10 (3.84*106)= =-170.98 + 65.84 = -105.14 dBm Required Eb/N0 Soft handover MDC gain Interference margin
Required Eb/N0
When Eb/N0 is selected, it has to be known in which conditions it is defined (select closest Eb/N0 value to the prevailing conditions if available)
Service and bearer Radio channel
Bit rate, BER requirement, channel coding Doppler spread (Mobile speed, frequency) Multipath, delay spread Handover situation Fast power control status Diversity configuration (antenna diversity, 2-port, 4-port)
Receiver/connection configuration
Some corrections have to be done in the power budget in case the conditions do not correspond the used Eb/N0
Soft handover MDC gain Power control gain Fast fading margin
Soft Handover MDC Gain UL

Macro Diversity Combining (MDC) gain gives the Eb/N0 improvement in soft handover situation compared to single link connection In UL the MDC gain is 0 dB
Significant amount of diversity already exist
2-port UL antenna diversity, multipath diversity (Rake)
The graph includes both Softer and Soft Handover (however it is not possible to see those gains separately)
Soft Handover combining is done at RNC level by using just selection combining (based on frame selection) Softer Handover combining is done at the BTS by using maximal ratio combining
In case of more than 2 connections - no more gain (compared to case of two branches)
Dynamic Simulator Result for 2 branches
Soft Handover MDC Gain UL

Tx power, uplink
SHO MDC gain (dB)
1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 0 5 10
Soft HO Combining Softer HO Combining
(including softer combining gain for the other branch)
Difference between the SHO links (dB) MS speed 3km/h MS speed 20km/h MS speed 50km/h MS speed 120km/h
Soft Handover MDC Gain DL

In DL there is some combining gain (about 1dB) due to UE maximal ratio combining
soft and softer handovers included
from MS point there is no difference between soft and softer handover
average is calculated over all the connections taking into account the average difference of the received signal branches (and UE speed)
40% of the connections in soft handover or in softer handover and 60% no soft handover taking into account the effect multiple transmitters combination of dynamic simulator results and static planning tool
in case more than 2 connections - no more gain (compared to case of two branches)
In edge of the cell a 3 4 dB MDC gain can be seen on required DL Eb/N0 in SHO situations compared to single link reception
Combination of 2 3 signals
Soft Handover MDC Gain DL

Dynamic Simulator Result for 2 branches
Total DL Tx power of all branches 2
SHO MDC gain (dB)
1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 0 5 10
Soft HO
Difference between the SHO links (dB) MS speed 3km/h MS speed 20km/h MS speed 50km/h MS speed 120km/h
Softer HO
Interference Margin ) values Interference margin is calculated from the UL/DL loading (
From set maximum planned load
"sensitivity" is decreased due to the network load (subscribers in the network) & in UL indicates the loss in Power budget due to load.
IMrgin [dB] a 20
IMrgin a =
10 Log10 (1 )
[ dB]
10 6 3 1.25 25% 50% 75% 99% Load factor
Link budget
WCDMA Power budget

Required Signal power is the
required lowest signal strength that is needed for that particular service and load.
Required signal power = Receiver Noise power + required Ec/I0 - Interference Margin + MDC gain
Cable Loss Benefit of using MHA
Cable loss is the sum of all signal losses caused by the antenna line outside the base station cabinet
Jumper losses Feeder cable loss MHA insertion loss in DL when MHA is used
Typical 0.5 dB
Cable loss
Benefit of using MHA

MHA can be used to improve the base station system noise figure in UL The benefit achieved by using MHA equals to the noise figure improvement The benefit of using MHA depends on the cable loss, for example
When Lcable < 5 dB: Benefit of using MHA > Cable loss When Lcable > 5 dB: Benefit of using MHA < Cable loss Calculated with Nokia MHA (G = 12 dB, NF = 2 dB) and base station NF = 3 dB
MHA Note Common assumption is to equal the benefit to the cable loss vs. insertion loss for DL
Link budget
WCDMA Power budget

DL data rate DL load 12.20 80% Uplink Downlink BS MS dBm/Hz -174.0 -174.0 dB 3.0 8.0 dBm/Hz -171.0 -166.0 -105.1 -100.1 dBm dB 4.4 7.9 dB 0.0 1.0 dB 25.0 25.0 dB 3.0 7.0 -17.6 -11.1 dB -122.7 -111.2 dBm dB 3.0 0.0 dB 3.0 n/a dB n/a 3.0 dBi 18.0 0.0 dB 2.0 2.0 dB 0.0 0.0 -142.7 -110.2 dBm MS dBm dB dB dBi dBm dB 21.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 18.0 160.7 BS 34.4 3.0 n/a 18.0 49.4 159.6 DL Limited!
Body loss: this parameter describes
the additional loss in power budget. The loss is usually used for speech services where the UEs antenna is often shadowed by the user's head. For data services the body loss can be set to 0dB, because in this case the UE is normally not close to the body. Soft handover gain Fast fading margin
Soft Handover Gain

(Gain Against Slow Fading)
Soft handover gain is the gain against shadow fading. This is roughly the gain of a handover algorithm, in which the best BTS can always be chosen (based on minimal transmission power of MS) against a hard handover algorithm based on geometrical distance.
In reality the SHO gain is a function of required coverage probability and the standard deviation of the signal for the environment. The gain is also dependent on whether the user is outdoors, where the likelihood of multiple servers is high, or indoors where the radio channel tends to be dominated by a much smaller number of serving cells.
For indoors users the recommendation is to use smaller SHO gain value
Soft handover gain can be understood also as reduction of Slow Fading Margin (See Cell range estimation)
Soft Handover Gain

(Gain Against Slow Fading)
RNC
Typical average value of the Soft Handover Gain is between 2 and 3 dB
Fastused as a correction factor for E /N at the cell fading margin Fast fading margin is
edge, when the used Eb/N0 is defined with fast power control
b 0
At the cell edge the UE does not have enough power to follow the fast fading dips
In DL fast fading margin is not usually applied due to lower power control dynamic range
Fast fading margin = (average received Eb/N0) withoutfastPC

received Eb/N0) withfastPC
Channel: Pedestrian A; antenna diversity assumed
- (average
Speed 2.7 km/h 11 km/h 22 km/h 54 km/h 130 km/h

Source: Radio Network Planning & Optimisation for UMTS; J. Laiho, A. Wacker, T. Novosad; Tab. 4.11
Fast fading margin

MS moving towards the cell edge
25 20 dB 15 10 0 20 dBm 10 0 -1 0 0 1 .5 1 0 .5 0 -0 . 5 0 15 10 5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 S e c o nd s 2.5 3 3 .5 4 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3 .5 4 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3 .5 4 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3 .5 4
Mobile transmission power starts hitting its maximum value Received quality degrades, more frame errors Eb/N0 target increases fast
dB
Link budget
WCDMA Power budget

Isotropic power is the minimum
power needed for certain service in order to fulfil the Eb/No requirement for that service
Isotropic power = Receiver sensitivity + cable loss - MHA benefit + body loss antenna gain - soft handover gain + + fast fading margin
Power per connection
The maximum downlink transmit power for each connection is defined by the RNC admission control functionality
Vendor specific
Power per connection (DL)
In Nokia RAN the maximum DL power depends on

Connection bit rate Service Eb/N0 requirement (internal RNC info) CPICH transmit power and group of other RNC parameters
Actual available DL power depends on maximum total BTS TX power, DL traffic amount and distribution over the cell (All users share same amplifier) Example values with 2 W (33 dBm) CPICH power and default Nokia RNC parameters
Service Type Downlink bit rate
Speech CS Data PS Data 12.2 64 37.2 64 37.2 128 40.0 384 40.0 kbps dBm
Maximum transmit 34.2 power per connection
Link budget
WCDMA Power budget

Peak EIRP is the maximum
transmitted power after the antenna.

Peak EIRP = power per connection - cable losses - body loss + antenna gain
EIRP = Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power
Isotropic path loss: Maximum path
loss between the transmitting and receiving antenna is calculated for UL and DL separately.
Isotropic path loss UL = Peak EIRP isotropic power
Module Contents
HS-PDSCH LINK BUDGET

In HSDPA link budget, one of two approaches can be adopted
Target uplink bit rate can be specified and link budget completed from top to bottom to determine the maximum allowed path loss
HS-PDSCH SINR should correspond to the targeted cell edge throughput
Existing maximum allowed path loss can be specified and link budget completed from bottom to top to determine the achievable uplink bit rate at cell edge
The total transmit power assigned to the HS-PDSCH and HS-SCCH depends on RNC parameters and CCCH power and in shared carrier also on DCH traffic load HS-PDSCH does not enter soft handover An overhead for HS-DPCCH channel has to be taken into account in UL when HSDPA is active
Cell edge throughput affects HS-PDSCH power budgetthe required SINR Max Tx power is the allocated power
for HS-PDSCH which depends on the CCCH and in shared carrier also on the required DCH power required cell edge throughput
SINR Requirement depends on the Spreading gain is calculated from

the used spreading factor 16
Soft handover gain is 0 dB because

no SHO on HS-PDSCH
Module Contents
HSUPA Uplink Link Budget (I) Similar to an HSDPA link budget, one of two
approaches can be adopted
target uplink bit rate can be specified and link budget completed from top to bottom to determine the maximum allowed path loss existing maximum allowed path loss can be specified and link budget completed from bottom to top to determine the achievable uplink bit rate at cell edge
Majority of uplink link budget is similar to that of a R99 DCH HSUPA uplink link budget makes use of Eb/No figures rather than SINR figures
Downlink R99 DCH EbNo HSDPA HSUPA Uplink Eb/No Eb/No Eb/No SINR SINR
HSUPA Uplink Link Budget (II)

Eb/No look-up tables Cell Edge Throughput Target BLER Propagation Channel
used to index the Eb/No look-up table and determine an appropriate Eb/No figure Eb/No values are included for
Bit rates 32 kbps to 1920 kbps Target BLER 1, 5 and 10 % Propagation channels Vehicular A 30 km/hr and Pedestrian A 3 km/hr
Target BLER figures are applicable to each MAC-e transmission, e.g. a 10 % Target BLER corresponds to a BLER of 0.01 % after 4 transmissions Eb/No values include E-DPDCH, E-DPCCH and
DPCCH
HSUPA Uplink Link Budget Transmit section of link budget is identical to that of a(III) link budget R99 DCH Transmit antenna gain and body loss can be
configured for either a data card or mobile terminal
Interference floor = Thermal noise + Noise

Figure + Interference Margin - Own Connection Interference Interference Margin = -10*LOG(1- Uplink Load/100) Ownown connection Interference = 10*LOG(1+ The Connection interference factor reduces the uplink R / W) EbNo *interference floor by the UEs own contribution
to the uplink interference, i.e. by the desired uplink signal power This factor is usually ignored in R99 DCH link budgets because the contribution from each UE is relatively small This factor is included in the HSUPA link budget because uplink bit rates can be greater and the uplink interference contribution from each UE can be more significant
Module Contents
Power budget calculation Power budget balance
Link budget
WCDMA Power budget UL/DL balance

Power budget can be used to see the power budget balance, whether UL or DL is limiting the cell range Power balance depends on cell load conditions With high traffic level DL load is usually higher due to higher Eb/N0 requirement DL limited power budget With low traffic level UL is usually limiting du to higher DL power per connection UL limited power budget
Link budget
Power budget balance High vs. low load

Link budget DL data rate DL load 12.20 80% Chip rate 3840.00 UL Data rate 12.20 UL Load 5% Voice 12.2 kbit/s, 3 km/h, Macro 4 DL data rate DL load Uplink Downlink BS MS dBm/Hz -174.0 -174.0 dB 3.0 8.0 dBm/Hz -171.0 -166.0 -105.1 -100.1 dBm dB 4.4 7.9 dB 0.0 1.0 dB 25.0 25.0 dB 3.0 7.0 -17.6 -11.1 dB -122.7 -111.2 dBm dB 3.0 0.0 dB 3.0 n/a dB n/a 3.0 dBi 18.0 0.0 dB 2.0 2.0 dB 0.0 0.0 -142.7 -110.2 dBm MS dBm dB dB dBi dBm dB 21.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 18.0 160.7 BS 34.4 3.0 n/a 18.0 49.4 159.6 DL Limited! RECEIVING END Thermal Noise Density Receiver Noise Figure Receiver Noise Density Noise Power at receiver [NoW ] Reguired Eb/No Soft handover MDC gain Processing gain Interference margin Required Ec/Io at receiver Receiver Sensitivity Cable loss Benefit of using MHA Body loss Antenna gain RX Soft handover gain Fast fading margin Isotropic power TRANSMITTING END Power per connection Cable loss Body loss Antenna gain TX Peak EIRP Isotropic path loss Uplink Downlink BS MS dBm/Hz -174.0 -174.0 dB 3.0 8.0 dBm/Hz -171.0 -166.0 -105.1 -100.1 dBm dB 4.4 7.9 dB 0.0 1.0 dB 25.0 25.0 dB 0.2 0.5 -20.4 -17.6 dB -125.5 -117.8 dBm dB 3.0 0.0 dB 3.0 n/a dB n/a 3.0 dBi 18.0 0.0 dB 2.0 2.0 dB 0.0 0.0 -145.5 -116.8 dBm MS dBm dB dB dBi dBm dB 21.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 18.0 163.5 BS
12.20 10%
34.4 3.0 n/a 18.0 49.4 166.2 UL limited!
Power budget has to be calculated for each service separately Examples with
Power budget for different services
Service
UL PathLossDL PathLoss Limitation Voice 12.2 kbit/s, 3 km/h, Macro 158.9 158.9 UL limited Voice 12.2 kbit/s, 120 km/h, Macro 159.7 159.4 DL limited NRT 64 kbit/s, 3 km/h, Macro 157.1 160.6 UL limited NRT 64 kbit/s, 120 km/h, Macro 158.0 161.1 UL limited NRT 64/128 kbit/s 3 km/h, Macro 157.1 158.7 UL limited NRT 64/128 kbit/s 120 km/h, Macro 158.0 159.2 UL limited NRT 64/384 kbit/s, 3 km/h, Macro 157.1 153.8 DL limited NRT 64/384 kbit/s, 120 km/h, Macro 158.0 154.3 DL limited
NRT data services with 2 dBi UE antenna gain and no body loss 50 % UL load and 80 % DL load
Module 6 Power budget

Summary Power budget calculation involves many estimates and assumptions Educated guess

Link Budget

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Link Budget

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Power budget

Pre -launch optim isation Measurem ents

Module 6 Power budget

HSDPA uplink link budget

HSUPA uplink link budget

The maximum path loss can be used to calculate cell range R

Power budget balance

Power budget Calculations

Maximum Load needs to be defined for Dimensioning:

Thermal WCDMA Power noise density: noise budget Theoretical background

density Depends on temperature Thermal Noise density [dBm/Hz] is defined as:

Thermal_ Noise _ Density = 10 * Log(kT )

Receiver Noise Density [dBm/Hz]

DL data rate DL load

receiver noise power [dBm] =

Soft Handover MDC Gain UL

Dynamic Simulator Result for 2 branches

Soft Handover MDC Gain UL

SHO MDC gain (dB)

1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 0 5 10

Soft HO Combining Softer HO Combining

(including softer combining gain for the other branch)

Soft Handover MDC Gain DL

Soft Handover MDC Gain DL

SHO MDC gain (dB)

10 6 3 1.25 25% 50% 75% 99% Load factor

WCDMA Power budget

Required Signal power is the

Cable Loss Benefit of using MHA

Benefit of using MHA

WCDMA Power budget

Body loss: this parameter describes

Soft Handover Gain

Soft Handover Gain

Typical average value of the Soft Handover Gain is between 2 and 3 dB

Fast fading margin = (average received Eb/N0) withoutfastPC

Speed 2.7 km/h 11 km/h 22 km/h 54 km/h 130 km/h

Fast fading margin

WCDMA Power budget

Isotropic power is the minimum

Power per connection

Power per connection (DL)

In Nokia RAN the maximum DL power depends on

Service Type Downlink bit rate

Maximum transmit 34.2 power per connection

WCDMA Power budget

Peak EIRP is the maximum

transmitted power after the antenna.

Isotropic path loss: Maximum path

Power budget balance

HS-PDSCH LINK BUDGET

SINR Requirement depends on the Spreading gain is calculated from

Soft handover gain is 0 dB because

Power budget balance

HSUPA Uplink Link Budget (II)

Interference floor = Thermal noise + Noise

WCDMA Power budget UL/DL balance

Power budget balance High vs. low load

34.4 3.0 n/a 18.0 49.4 166.2 UL limited!

Power budget for different services

Module 6 Power budget

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