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!
f
d U
ideal
I
I
I W
0
.
redundant work in extruding sheet material through a die
Total WORK of DEFORMATION
U
total
= U
ideal
+ U
friction
+ U
redundant
total
ideal
U
U
! L Process Efficiency:
c
U
c
U
T
ideal total
. . .
max
V L V
! } (
Temperature Increase:
RISK !!
Hot Shortness
Hot shortness in Al alloy extrusions
Distribution of tooling pressure in plane
strain forging: the friction hill
PLANE STRAIN FORGING
)
'
+
'
! ! ) (
2
exp ) ( a x
h
Y x p x
y
Q
W
From Equilibrium + Tresca (low friction):
)
'
+
'
! !
h
a
Y x p
Q 2
exp 0
Maximum tooling pressure:
'
+
'
+ !
h
a
Y p
Q
1
Mean tooling pressure:
'
+
'
+ ! !
h
a
w a Y w a p F
Q
1 ) . 2 ( ) . 2 (
Tooling load:
Friction in close die forging
'
+
'
+ !
h
a
r Y F
3
2
1
2
Q
T
For a cylindrical workpiece:
ROLLING
Use of front and back tension to reduce friction in rolling
Friction Hill in rolling
'
+
'
'
+
'
+ !
2 1
2
1
2
1
h
b
h
r
Y p
Q
Mean rolling pressure:
Strip rolling in four stand continuous mill
Backing rolls