DISTRIBUTION DENSITY GROWTH POPULATION PYRAMID DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL OVERPOULATION,UNDEPOPULATION & OPTIMUM POPULATION MIGRATION

POPULATION STUDIES

POPULATION TERMS

POPULATION- THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE LIVING IN A COUNTRY/AN AREA POPULATION DISTRIBUTION IS THE DISTRIBUTION OF PEOPLE IN A COUNTRY EVENLY OR SPARSELY. POPULATION DENSITY IS THE NUMBER OF (AVERAGE NUMBER) PEOPLE IN A UNIT AREA OF LAND.

POPULATION DISTRIBUTION


POPULATION DISTRIBUTION IS THE DISTRIBUTION/SPREADING OUT OF PEOPLE IN A COUNTRY EVENLY OR SPARSELY. COMPARISON STUDIES EXAMPLES DISTRIBUTION

EXAMPLES COUNTRIES LIKE CHINA, INDIA, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, & INDONESIA POPULATION

OTHER PARTS OF THE WORLD LIKE ANTARCTIC AND ARCTIC POLAR CAPS AND PART OF AUSTRALIAN DESERT

BRUNEI DARUSSALAM S POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

POPULATION DENSITY
 POPULATION DENSITY IS DEFINED AS THE

NUMBER OF PEOPLE LIVING IN A UNIT OF LAND  THE FORMULA FOR POPULATION DENSITY IS
POP DENSITY= NUMBER OF PEOPLE AREA = PER KM

POPULATION DENSITY

TOP 5

WORLD S POPULATION DENSITY

COUNTRIES POPULATION DENSITY

RANKING

1 2 3 4 5

MACAU MONACO HONGKONG SINGAPORE GIBRALTAR

20,824.44 16, 486.7 6,571.14 5,539.77 4,486.57

CLASSWORK 01- POPULATION

1. FIND OUT THE POPULATION DENSITY OF THE FOLLOWING COUNTRIES. [5 MARKS] COUNTRIES INDONESIA UNITED KINGDOM GERMANY BRUNEI VIETNAM POPULATION 80,564,877 37,876,898 25, 897,920 365,876 25, 765,721 AREA 10,567 25, 879 17,896 5,786 19, 876 PER KM

2. STATE YOUR REASONS WHY THE COUNTRIES REFERED HAS A DENSELY POPULATED AND SPARSELY POPULATED? [5 MARKS]

FACTORS AFFECTING THE POPULATION DENSITY

FACTORS DENSE POPULATION SPARSE POPULATION

RELIEF

LOW LYING LAND ALLOWS FOR EASY DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TRANSPORT AND INDUSTRY e.g the Indo Gangetic Plain in India and Bangladesh

HIGH RUGGED LAND AND WATERLOGGED CONDITION HINDER DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TRANSPORT AND INDUSTRY e.g the mountainous relief of the Himalayas e.g the swampy areas of eastern Sumatra in Indonesia TOO LITTLE RAIN AND EXTREME TEMPERATURES, THAT IS TOO HOT OR TOO COLD MAKE AGRICULTURE DIFFICULT AND LIVING UNCOMFORTABLE e.g the Sahara in Africa and Antarctica INFERTILE SOIL HINDER AGRICULTURE e.g Central Australia LACK OF MINERAL RESOURCES DISCOURAGES INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT e.g The Sahel in Africa POOR COMMUNICATION LINKS DISCOURAGE TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT e.g the densely forested Amazon basin in

CLIMATE

MODERATE RAINFALL AND MAKE TEMPERATURES MAKE AGRICULTURE EASIER AND LIVING MORE COMFORTABLE e.g Southeast Australia

SOILS

FERTILE SOILS AID AGRICULTURE e.g. Java in Indonesia with its rich volcanic soil MINERAL DEPOSITS SUCH AS COAL AND GOLD ATTRACT SETTLERS AND PROMOTE INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT e.g The Ruhr industrial area in Germany where coal is found COMMUNICATION LINKS ENCOURAGE TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT e.G Singapore which lies at the crossroad of air and shipping routes

MINERAL RESOURCE

ACCESSIBILITY

How about in Brunei Darussalam?

Population Growth
 Population growth is the growing of population in a country  Population growth is refer in the terms of increasing (+) and

decreasing (-) of population. Natural Increase  Natural Increase refers to the differences number of the Birth Rates and Death Rates is either (+) or (-) and if the Birth Rates exceeds the number of deaths.
NATURAL INCREASE = BIRTH RATES DEATH RATES

 Birth rates is the number of babies born per thousand in a year  Death rates is the number of people who died per thousand in

a year.

Birth rates and Death rates

< 35 > 15

High Low

NET MIGRATION= IMMIGRATION - EMIGRATION Net migration refers to the difference between immigration , which is the number of people , coming into a country , and emigration which is the number of people leaving the country. POPULATION GROWTH = NATURAL INCREASE + NET MIGRATION DEPENDENCY RATIO = NUMBER OF DEPENDANTS NUMBER OF WORKING POPULATION

Natural increase is influenced by the

 Standard of living  Cultural factors  Government policy

Factors affecting the Birth rates

High Birth rates LEDCs Low Birth rates MEDCs

Birth control education Religious factors / Tradition factors Availability of higher education Marriage age factors Government Policies Opportunities for women

Factors affecting the Death rates

High Death rates LEDCs Low Death rates MEDCs

Health and Medical Provision Standard of water supply & sanitation Quality of diet Natural Disaster/ Wars Care of elderly Level of fitness

MIGRATION
MIGRATION is movement of people within an area. There are two main types of migration i) Internal ii) International

MIGRATION
INTERNAL Rural Urban Migration KUALA BELAIT TO BSB INTERNATIONAL Countries to countries BRUNEI TO CANADA

Push & Pull Factors

PUSH PULL

Job Opportunities Salaries offer Entertainments Standard of Living Quality of Housing

CASE STUDY : CHINA

China's one child policy was established by Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping in 1979 to limit communist China's population growth. Although designated a "temporary measure," it continues a quartercentury after its establishment. The policy limits couples to one child. However, the rule has been estimated to have reduced population growth in the country of 1.3 billion by as much as 300 million people over its first twenty years.

Now that millions of sibling-less people in China are now young adults in or nearing their child-bearing years, a special provision allows millions of couples to have two children legally. If a couple is composed of two people without siblings, then they may have two children of their own, thus preventing too dramatic of a population decrease.

The Policies introduced are

FINANCIAL DISINCENTIVES Heavily on the fines imposed for those who disobeyed the policy. The one-child program theoretically is voluntary, but the government imposes punishments and heavy fines on people who don't follow the rules. Parents with extra children can be fined, depending on the region, from $370 to $12,800 (many times the average annual income for many ordinary Chinese). If the fine is not paid sometimes the couples land is taken away, their house is destroyed, they lose their jobs or the child is not allowed to attend school

EDUCATION Birth control education is highly emphasized to control the birth rate in China in term of public awareness and campaign. Although IUDs, sterilization, and abortion (legal in China) are China's most popular forms of birth control, over the past few years, China has provided more education and support for alternative birth control methods. In 2007, there were reports that in the southwestern Guangxi Autonomous Region of China, officials were forcing pregnant women without permission to give birth to have abortions and levying steep fines on families violating the law.

FACILITIES
Parents who have only one child get a "one-child glory certificate," which entitles them to economic benefits such as an extra month's salary every year until the child is 14. Among the other benefits for one child families are higher wages, interest-free loans, retirement funds, cheap fertilizer, better housing, better health care, and priority in school enrollment. Women who delay marriage until after they are 25 receive benefits such as an extended maternity leave when they finally get pregnant. These privileges are taken away if the couple decides to have an extra child. Promises for new housing often are not kept because of housing shortages.

Success of the One-Child Policy in China

 

The one-child policy has been spectacularly successful in reducing population growth, particularly in the cities (reliable figures are harder to come by in the countryside). In 1970 the average woman in China had almost six (5.8) children, now she has about two. The most dramatic changes took place between 1970 and 1980 when the birthrate dropped from 44 per 1000 to 18 per 1,000. Demographers have stated that the ideal birthrate rate for China is 16.7 per 1,000, or 1.7 children per family. One way the government records progress in its birth control programs is by monitoring the "first baby" rate the proportion of first babies among total births. In the city of Chengdu in Sichuan for a while the first baby rate was reportedly 97 percent. One Chinese official said the one-child policy has prevented 300 million births, the equivalent of the population of Europe. The reduction of population has helped pull people out of poverty and been a factor in China s phenomenal economic growth. Some argue that economic prosperity has done as much as the one-child policy to shrink population growth. As costs and the expense of having children in urban areas rise, and the benefits of children as labor sources shrink many couples opt not to have children.

Problems with the One-Child Policy



In some cases the basis for raises and promotions of local officials is based on how well they meet their population targets. This policy encourages officials to push forced sterilizations and forced abortion and mete out tough punishments to meet their quotas. In some places enforcement has been so harsh that the Family Planning Association has had to give out brochure that list the "seven don't" of population policy (don't beat up people who have an unplanned birth; don't burn their house down, etc.) Birth control policies vary a great deal from place and place, and the way the policy carried out can be quite arbitrary. When a peasant woman in Guizhou got pregnant with a third child, according to one report, the local authorities took her cow. When she bowed to pressure and had an abortion, she was charged half a year's income to get her cow back. Enforcement of one-child policies also varies greatly from place to place. In Guangdong Province many families have four or five children. They can get away with it because either the one-child policy is ignored of they can raise the money to pay the modest fines. In Guangxi, the policy is more strictly enforced. Family planning boards keep strict tabs on families. Rule bending is minimal. Families fear the consequences of breaking the rules because they are poor and have a hard time coming up with money for the fines.

THREE OR MORE POLICY- SINGAPORE

INTRODUCTION
 More than eight years have passed since Mr. Goh

Chok Tong, then First Deputy Prime Minister, announced in March 1987 the slogan "have three, or more (children) if you can afford it" as Singapore's new population policy.  The policy, which may be described as "selectively pro-natalist", represented a fundamental change in direction from the blanket "stop at two" policy which had been in effect for about two decades until the mid1980s.

 The overall goal of the new population policy may be

characterized as "population rejuvenation" in the broadest sense of the term. The policy is intended to address three anticipated trends concerning the future quantity and quality of the population arising from current marriage and reproductive patterns, namely: 1. Diminution of the population owing to the failure of parental generations to adequately replace themselves with equally large numbers of children ("belowreplacement" fertility); 2. Rapid increase in the proportion of the elderly, and decline in the proportions of the young and the working-age adults, as fewer children are born to replace the parental generation (the ageing of the population); and 3. Decline in the proportion of talented persons as the less educated marry and reproduce themselves at higher rates of fertility than the better educated (the "lopsided" pattern of procreation).

The POLICIES ARE

FACILITIES Employers attitudes to working mothers  Employers to be asked to be more understanding and flexible towards working mothers with young children. They should offer part-time and flexi-time work, extended no-pay maternity leave, and retrain women who rejoin the workforce. The civil service will lead the way.

Getting singles to mingle  The infrastructure of the Social Development Unit and the Social Development Section4 will be strengthened, and their activities and program me widened. Child-care centres  The Government will pay a S$100 subsidy on all children, regardless of parents income, in government-run or government-approved centres, including those privately operated.

EDUCATION CAMPAIGN AND ADVERTISEMENT The new population policy attempts to redress these potentially disruptive trends by encouraging single persons to get married and by promoting a larger family size of three or more children among the married couples who can afford them. The latter effort is to compensate for those who do not marry and those who do not have any children, in order to attain the two-child average necessary for generational replacement. It is expected that, by raising fertility to the replacement level, i.e. about 2.1 children per woman, and then maintaining this level of fertility indefinitely, the population will be maintained at a constant size with a balanced age structure, i.e. with neither too many of the elderly nor too many very young to be supported. This is through public education through bigger campaign and slogan for three or more policy Abortion and sterilization counseling  There will be compulsory counseling before and after abortions to discourage abortions of convenience, and women with fewer than three children will be counselled before sterilization.

INCENTIVES School registration  All disincentives against the third child will be removed. Children from three-child families will have the same priority as those from one and two-child families. Where there is competition for admission, priority will be given to children from three-child families. Medisave  Medisave can be used, with immediate effect, for the hospital costs of a third child, whether delivered in a government or private hospital. But no overdraft of Medisave account is allowed.

Housing allocation  Families in three-room or larger (public) flats who want to upgrade their flats on the birth of their third child will get priority allocation. Accouchement fees  No change in the fee for the first, second and third child. Fee for fourth child raised, from 1 January 1988, to S$1,000 for all ward classes, and to S$1,300 for fifth and other children. But delivery and hospital costs for fourth child, with a S$3,000 maximum, can be offset against parents earned income.

Tax incentives  No increase in child relief for first and second child but third child relief raised to S$750 effective Fiscal Year 1988. Mother needs only three General Certificate of Education "O" level passes taken in one sitting, instead of five, to qualify for enhanced child relief. Fourth child also qualifies for enhanced child relief, which is S$750 plus 15 per cent of mothers earned income up to a maximum of S$10,000.  Special tax rebate of S$20,000 to be offset against either or both the husbands and wifes income tax liabilities for newborn third child. Another rebate -only for the working wife -- equal to 15 per cent of her earned income. Any excess of both rebates can be carried forward for up to four years.

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL

POPULATION CHANGES

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX

 Human development is about much more than the rise or

fall of national incomes.  It is about creating an environment in which people can develop their full potential and lead productive, creative lives in accord with their needs and interests.  People are the real wealth of nations. Development is thus about expanding the choices people have to lead lives that they value. And it is thus about much more than economic growth, which is only a means if a very important one of enlarging people s choices. The Human Development Index is a rough measurement on the livelihood status, encompassing health, economy and education.  one of the most common measures of a country s progress, making it an often-used indicator of poverty.