Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies Part Four: Tourism Supply, Demand, Planning and Development

Learning Objectives
Identifying the factors that determine the success of a tourism destination Relate tourism planning to tourism policy Discover what the goals of tourism development should be Recognize that some serious barriers to tourism development must be overcome if a desired growth is to occur Learn the political and economic aspects of development including those related to developing countries Appreciate the importance of architectural design and concern for heritage preservation, local handicrafts, and use of indigenous materials in creating tourist facilities

11th Edition - 2009 Chapter 16: Tourism Planning, Development, and Social Considerations

Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies Part Four: Tourism Supply, Demand, Planning and Development

The Ritchie/Crouch Model

of
Comparative Advantages
(resource endowments)
* Human resources * Physical resources * Knowledge resources * Capital resources * Infrastructure and tourism superstructure * Historical and cultural resources * Size of economy

Competiti e Advantages
(resource deployment)
* Audit & inventory * Maintenance

COMPETITIVE (MICRO) ENVIRONMENT

* Growth and development

QUALIFYING & AMPLIFYING DETERMINANTS

Location Safety/Security Cost/Value Interdependencies Awareness/Image Carrying Capacity

GLOBAL (MACRO) ENVIRONMENT

* Efficiency * Effectiveness

DESTINATION POLICY, PLANNING & DEVELOP ENT

System Definition

Philosophy/ Values

Vision

Positioning/ Branding

Development

Competitive/ Collaborative Analysis

Monitoring & Evaluation

Audit

DESTINATION MANAGEMENT
Quality Finance Human of & Information/ Resource Organization Marketing Service/ Research Development Venture Experience Capital Crisis Resource Visitor Management Stewardship Management

CORE RESOURCES & ATTRACTORS

Physiography and Climate Culture & History Mix of Activities Special Events Entertainment Superstructure Market Ties

SUPPORTING FACTORS & RESOURCES

Infrastructure Accessibility Facilitating Resources Hospitality Enterprise Political Will

DCSModel-colour(v12).ppt RITCHIE & CROUCH, FEB 2003

11th Edition - 2009 Chapter 16: Tourism Planning, Development, and Social Considerations

Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies Part Four: Tourism Supply, Demand, Planning and Development

Relating Tourism lanning to Tourism olicy

SI ILARITIES
1. They both deal with the future development of a tourism destination or region; 2. They both emphasize the strategic dimensions of managerial actionalthough planning must also address a number of tactical concerns.

DIFFERENCES
1. Policy formulation is definitely very big picture while much of planning is characterized by an attention to detail; 2. Policy formulation is a creative, intellectual process, while planning is generally a more constrained exercise; 3. Policy, and particularly its visioning component, has a very long-term strategic emphasis, while planning tends to be more restrictive in its time horizon. A one-year planning cycle is not uncommon, although 3-5 year plans are a possibility. In contrast, destination visions may have a 5, 10, 50, or even a 100 year time horizon; 4. Policy formulation must allow for as yet unseen circumstances and technologies to be considered. In contrast, planning tends to assume current conditions and technologies, with some allowances for predictable, or evolutionary change; 5. Policy formulation tends to emphasize a systematic determination of WHAT should be done in long-term tourism development, while planning tends to emphasize the HOW for the achievement of specific destination goals.
11th Edition - 2009 Chapter 16: Tourism Planning, Development, and Social Considerations

Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies Part Four: Tourism Supply, Demand, Planning and Development

Some Advantages of Tourism

Provide employment opportunities Generates foreign exchange Increases incomes Increases GNP Increase governmental revenues Diversifies the economy Creates a favorable worldwide image for the destination

Facilitates the process Development of tourism of modernization infrastructure helps to stimulate local Provides tourist and commerce and industry recreation al facilities for the local population Justifies environmental protection and Provides foreigners and improvement opportunity to be favorable impressed by little- nown nation or regions

11th Edition - 2009 Chapter 16: Tourism Planning, Development, and Social Considerations

Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies Part Four: Tourism Supply, Demand, Planning and Development

Some Disadvantages of Tourism

1. Develops excess demand 2. Creates lea ages so great that economic benefits do not accrue 3. Diverts funds from more promising forms of economic development 4. Creates social problems from income differences, social differences, introduction of prostitution, gambling, crime, and so on 5. Degrades the natural physical environment 6. Degrades the cultural environment 7. Poses the difficulties of seasonality 8. Increases vulnerability to economic and political changes 9. Adds to inflation of land values and the price of local goods and services
11th Edition - 2009 Chapter 16: Tourism Planning, Development, and Social Considerations

Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies Part Four: Tourism Supply, Demand, Planning and Development

The

lanning

rocess

1. Define the system and formulate objectives 2. Gather data 3. Analyze and interpret 4. Create the preliminary plan 5. Approve the plan 6. Create the final plan 7. Implement the plan

11th Edition - 2009 Chapter 16: Tourism Planning, Development, and Social Considerations

Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies Part Four: Tourism Supply, Demand, Planning and Development

An Overview of the Tourism lanning rocess

STAGE 1 Define the System
In doing so, ensure that the definitions for the policy formulation and destination planning are consistent

STAGE 2 Gather Necessary Data

Again, much of the data used for policy formulation may be helpful for the planning process However, additional and much more detailed data will be required for the planning process

STAGE 3 Analyze & Interpret Data

In doing so, it is useful to relate data to the specific facilities, events, activities, and programs that impact on the factors that determine/infl uence destination success

STAGE 4 Create Preliminary Plan

The plan should start to make clear the detailed nature of the facilities, events, activities, and programs that will deliver the unique high quality destination experience that will enhance the competitiveness of the destination within strategic market segments

STAGE 5 Approve the Plan

It is critical to ensure that where approval is required no relevant stakeholders are overlooked

STAGE 6 Create the Final Plan

At this stage, the level of detail becomes increasingly rigorous and directly related to the specific geography, legislation, financing, and timing of the real world

STAGE 7 Implement the Plan

This stage allocates responsibility for development actions to specific individuals and organizations, defines the exact timing of these actions, and establishes contingencies for unexpected occurrences. This stage also monitors, follows up, and evaluates

11th Edition - 2009 Chapter 16: Tourism Planning, Development, and Social Considerations

Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies Part Four: Tourism Supply, Demand, Planning and Development

Goals of Tourism Development

1. Provide a framewor for raising the living standard of the people through the economic benefits of tourism 2. Develop an infrastructure and provide recreation facilities for visitors and residents ali e 3. Ensure development within visitor center and resorts is appropriate to those areas 4. Establish a development program consistent with the cultural, social, and economic philosophy of the government and people of that region 5. Optimize visitor satisfaction

11th Edition - 2009 Chapter 16: Tourism Planning, Development, and Social Considerations
John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2009