Advanced Lean Module

Advanced Lean

LEAN: Delivering value to Customers with shortest turn around time

Advanced Lean

Agenda
Lean Overview ~ Recap.. Lean Methodology Lean Toolkit Lean Deployment Lean Resources

Advanced Lean

 Lean Overview ~ Recap.

Lean History Lean Explained Lean Benefits Lean Usage Lean Basic Toolkit

Lean Methodology Lean Advanced Toolkit Lean Deployment Lean Resources

Advanced Lean

Lean History TOYOTA

Toyota Production System

Recap

Just-in-Time

Jidoka

Single Piece Flow Pull Production TAKT Time Production

People People People

Heijunka
Level Loading Sequencing Stability

Autonomation Built-In Quality Stopping at Abnormalities

Some Key Lean Concepts developed at Toyota

Advanced Lean

Lean Thinking
A principle driven, tool based philosophy that focuses on eliminating waste so that all activities/steps add value from the customers perspective.

Recap

Lean Thinking is all about continuous waste elimination !

Imagine Office Processes with:

Advanced Lean

Higher Customer Satisfaction e )Offic Shorter Lead Time k(Bac ge Higher Flexibility aking c advanta M gi Higher Quality trate as Lower Costs Higher Employee Satisfaction

Lean Explained
What is Lean?
A strategy, philosophy, process and leadership approach for operating in a superior way. Results include: Reduced cycle times (product development and production) Increased quality Reduced costs and inventory Increased capacity potential Improved customer service

Recap

High levels of worker involvement, ownership and commitment Improved financial returns

Lean concepts apply across all processes and industries

Advanced Lean

Lean Explained The conventional way: +Profit

Recap

Price = cost

Increase profit by Price Increase

Price to sell Bigger profit Some profit Cost to produce

But, may lose customers!

Advanced Lean

Lean Explained The new way: Price - cost =Profit

Recap

Increase profit by Cost Reduction

Price to sell Some profit Cost to produce

Bigger profit

Advanced Lean

Lean Benefits
Cycle Time
Wait Time (non value add) Work Time (value add)

Recap

Before After
Productivity Same work completed in less time
Cost/Chaos

Cost Defects Lead time Inventory Space Waste!

Customer satisfaction Profit Customer responsiveness Capacity Quality Cash flow On time delivery

Cycle time

Relentless Focus on Reducing non value adding activities

Advanced Lean

Lean Usage
Lean vs. Six Sigma
Methodology Strengths

Recap

Define

Measure

Analyze Lean Six Sigma

Improve

Control

Six Sigma

True VOC is Powerful

Confirms Data Quality

Data Driven Analysis

Few Tools to Create Change in Critical Xs Many Tools for Driving Change Mixed Model Plan, Kan Ban, Visual Management

Few Tools or Direction

Lean

Value Stream Mapping . . . Boundaryless & MultiGenerational

Standard Work & Target Sheets . . . Assumes Data is Good

Observation and Intuition Based Analysis . . . PQ, PR, TAKT Time

Communicative Centered on Stable, Repeatable Process Automation

Apply Any Tool from your Quality Tool Box

Advanced Lean

Lean Usage
When do I use Lean?
Six Sigma Project Hybrid

Recap

AWO

Effort

Effort

Time

Effort

Time

Time

Average ~ 4 Months

Average ~ 4 Months

Average ~ 1 Months

Lean For Quick Fixes.Six Sigma For Complex Processes !!

Advanced Lean

Lean Usage
Lean vs. Six Sigma?
Lean Six Sigma Simple or Wing to wing Complex and Focused
Identifies problems in the flow

Recap

Breadth Depth

Helps identify steps that dont add value and provides tools to eliminate them

Lean

Lean

Six Sigma

Improves the capability of steps that do add value

Six Sigma/Lean
Improving the capability can eliminate additional steps

Lean Success Factors/ Impact

Energizing Empowering Team work, Boundary less / Open mindset Passion for improvement Intuition / Action Customer focus

X
GE Values

Lean: Strengthens GEs journey to Excellence

Advanced Lean

Lean Usage
So, why do I need Lean?
Principle

Recap

New ways to think about problems New problem solving tools and concepts An improvement methodology focused on action

Toolkit

Process

Solutions

Simple Known
Just Do It!! Ask an Expert!!

Complex
Lean!!

Causes
Unknown
Six Sigma

We Need Lean to be Leaner QuicklyLet us start it!!

Advanced Lean

Where are we going

Advanced tools
Tool
Creating Continuous Flow Pull production

Basic tools
Tool
Value Stream Mapping, other lean tools, etc.

Challenge
More waste reduction Real continuous flow Flexible workforce Less variance Less waste

Old situation
Issues
Inventory Waiting Defects No flow in the value stream.

Results
Reduction of waste Learned to see the flow Couple of improvements

Remaining Issues
No real continuous flow Still significant amount of waste.

Processes full of waste

Advanced Lean

Lean Toolkit

Recap

Level 1

Level 2
Reduce Variability Control the Process Value Stream Mapping
Standardized Work Intro to Continuous Flow Intro to Pull Production

Tool Sophistication

5S MUDA Mistake proofing Intro to Value Stream Mapping Visual Management

Expose the Waste

Time / Cultural Maturity Applying the right tools at the right stage
Advanced Lean

Lean Tools Overview

Actions
Bring Organization & Cleanliness to work area Understand Value Implement pullbased flow

Recap

A number of Lean Tools and Techniques are available

5S Framework

Tools and Techniques

Value Stream Mapping Kanban, Just-in Time U-Shaped Cells Kaizen Events

Reconfigure work areas Institute continuous improvement philosophy

Benefits Realized

Appropriate Tools and Techniques are to be used depending on the need

Advanced Lean

Lean Tools Description

Exposing the Waste ~ Recap..
5S 7 Wastes Mistake proofing Visual Management

Recap

Advanced Lean

5S

Recap

5S A Framework to create and maintain your workplace (Organization) 1. S: SORT

Distinguish between what is and is not needed 2. S: SET IN ORDER (Orderliness) A place for everything and everything in its place 3. S: SHINE (Cleanliness) Cleaning and looking for ways to keep it clean 4. S: STANDARDIZE (Adherence) Clearly define Tasks and Procedures 5. S: SUSTAIN/SYSTEMIZE (Self-Discipline) Stick to the rules, scrupulously

Implementing the 5S is often the first step in Lean Transformation

Advanced Lean

Muda ~ 7 Wastes
The Seven Deadly WastesExamples Layouts of office, factory, etc. Incorrect
Motion

Recap

MUDA Lean is a way to continuously eliminate waste

Lack of Proximity Of Machines Off-line Resources Watching Machines Work Long Set-ups and Lead Times Large Batches and Inventory Planning Full Utilization of Machines and Labor Producing More Goods than Marked Demand Poor Machine Maintenance Unnecessary Processing Steps Longer Lead Times Long Delays for Troubleshooting Costly Rework Dissatisfied Downstream Customers High Stocks of Raw Material, WIP, & Finished Goods Additional Space Requirements Clutter Unnecessary Movement Extra Handling Moving Inventory

People

Waiting Overproducti on

Process

Processing Defec ts Inventor y

Product

Transportati on

At the end, everything results in Cost!!

Advanced Lean

Mistake Proofing Overview

A technique for eliminating errors Making it impossible to make mistakes
BEST

Recap

Elimination > Eliminate the possibility of error Replacement > Substitute a more reliable process Facilitation > > Make work simpler to perform Detect the error at the defect source

BETTER

Detection Mitigation > Minimize the effect

GOOD

Use the highest level Use the highest level possible for the possible for the application. application.

It is good to do it right the first time; it is even better to make it impossible to do it wrong the first time.
Advanced Lean

Visual Management Overview

Why Visual Management .

Recap

Demonstrate how we manage our processes Consistent Communication Excite customers/ stakeholders walking the floor Visual Management Transparent view of Performance Shared Ownership Escalate abnormalities Quicker Resolution Decision making @ working level Empowerment Showcase Successes Create a sense of Pride

Seeing is Believing
Advanced Lean

 Lean Overview Recap Lean Methodology Five Lean Principles Lean Advanced Toolkit Lean Deployment Lean Resources

Advanced Lean

Five Lean Principles

Lean Enterprise
Raw Materials Tier 2 Suppliers Tier 1 Suppliers General Electric Customer

LEAN OFFICE

LEAN ENTERPRISE

Lean Enterprise: Maximizing Value Wing to Wing

Advanced Lean

Five Lean Principles

Lean Thinking
The Fundamental Objective
Provide perfect value to the customer through a perfect value creation process with zero waste in: Design (concept to customer) Build (order to delivery) Service (order to cash)

The Fundamental Insight

Focus on each product and its value stream rather than organizations, assets, process technologies, and career paths Ask which activities are waste and which truly create value Enhance value & eliminate waste

Lean: Fundamentally Change how we do business

Advanced Lean

Five Lean Principles

Define value in from 1 the customers Specify perspective and express value in terms of a specific product

2 Value Map the Value Stream

Map all of the steps value added & nonvalue addedthat bring a product of service to the customer

The complete elimination of waste so all activities create value for the customer

5 Work to Perfectio n

3 Establish Flow
The continuous movement of products, services and information from end to end through the process

4 Implemen t Nothing is done by the upstream Pull

process until the downstream customer signals the need

The Tools get you thereThe Principles keep you there

Advanced Lean

Five Lean Principles

1. Specify Value A capability provided to a customer at the right time at an appropriate price, as defined in each
Specify value from the standpoint of the end customer Ask how your current products/services and processes disappoint your customers value expectation:
case by the customer.

Waste:
Activities that add no value, add cost and time Symptoms; need to find root causes and eliminate them 7 types of waste
Incidental Work

price?

quality? reliable delivery? rapid response to changing needs? fundamental definition of the product?

Incidental Work

Pure Waste

Pure Waste
Value

Pure Waste

Value Value Typical Operation: 1-10% Activities are Value Adding

Advanced Lean

Five Lean Principles

2. Map the Value Stream
Whenever there is a product or service for a customer, there is a value stream. The challenge lies in seeing it. (Womack, Learning To See)

Identify all of the steps currently required to move products from order to delivery Challenge every step: Why is this necessary? Would the customer think the product is worth less if this step could be left out? Many steps are only necessary because of the way firms are organized and previous decisions about assets and technologies

Value stream All activities, both value added and non-value added, required to bring a product (or provide a capability) from raw material (initialization) into the arm of the customer 3 Main Value Streams: 1. 2. Raw material to customer Concept to launch

3. and to cash Mapping the VS See the whole Orderimprove the system
Advanced Lean

Five Lean Principles

3. Establish FlowLine up all steps that truly create value in a rapid
Continuous movement of products, services and information through the various transactions from end to end in the process

sequence Require that every step in the process be: Capable right every time (6 Sigma) Available always able to run (TPM) Adequate with capacity to avoid bottlenecks and over capitalization (right-sized tools)

Flow appears impractical and illogical because we have been trained to think in terms of: departments, silos batches, queues efficiencies and backlogs

Batch Processing 1 minute per piece Continuous Flow Make One Move One

A
Advanced Lean

B
Cycle Time= 30++ Min (weeks)

A B C
Cycle Time= 12 Min

Applying the right tools at the right stage

Five Lean Principles

4. Implement PullNothing is done downstream until required
upstream A system of cascading production and delivery instructions in which nothing is done by the upstream supplier until the downstream customer signals the need

Through lead time compression & correct value specification, let customers get exactly whats wanted exactly when its wanted: At the pull of the customer/next process Using signals (kanbans)

Okay

One more please!

supplier

customer

Pull: Customer Centric

Advanced Lean

Five Lean Principles

A 5. Work to Perfection continual cycle of process improvements There is always more waste People learn and exercise more creativity
Involve employees in the process, training them as you proceed.

Continuous improvement leads to innovation

Next Future State

Use root cause analysis to solve problems promptly and permanently. Make objectives visible

Future State

Current State

Original State

Continuous Improvement never stops

Advanced Lean

Lean Advanced Toolkit

Level 1

Level 2
Reduce Variability Control the Process Value Stream Mapping
Standardized Work Intro to Continuous Flow Intro to Pull Production

Tool Sophistication

5S MUDA Mistake proofing Intro to Value Stream Mapping Visual Management

Expose the Waste

Time / Cultural Maturity Applying the right tools at the right stage
Advanced Lean

Lean Tools Description

Reduce Variability Control the Process
Value Stream Mapping Standardized Work Introduction to Continuous flow Introduction to Pull production

<Action Work Out>

Advanced Lean

Value Stream Mapping

PA EN G CT

V IS

IO N

ENTERPRISE
Advanced Lean

Value Stream Overview

View of the entire Supply Chain
SUPPLIERS YOUR PLANT OR BUSINESS CUSTOMER TO END USER

TOTAL VALUE STREAM

See the Whole Process from Start to Finish Wing to Wing

Advanced Lean

Value Stream Overview

Value Stream Mapping (VSM) is a pencil and paper tool that helps us see and understand the flow of material and information as a product makes its way through the Value Stream Follow the product or services path starting from the Customer and then move to the supplier and carefully draw a visual representation of every process Ask a set of key questions and draw a Future State map of how value should flow Help us see the sources of Waste and eliminate them

Looking at the process from a customer value perspective

Advanced Lean

Value Stream Mapping

Why Value Stream Mapping is a good place to start your LEAN journey it helps you visualize more than just the single-process level, i.e. assembly, welding, etc. it helps you see more than waste it helps you see the sources of waste in your value stream it provides a common language for talking about manufacturing processes it makes decisions about the flow apparent, so you can discuss them it ties together lean concepts and techniques helps you avoid "cherry picking" it forms the basis of an implementation plan

Forms the Blueprint for a information flow and the material it shows the linkage between theLean Implementation Plan flow
Advanced Lean

Value Stream Mapping

VSM Steps
Identify the Value Stream for every Product Family major product family/program. Concept Product Family to launch - Order to delivery Current State Map the current state - Identify all the Current State Drawing actions that dont create value. Drawing Challenge every step Future State Future State Drawing Drawing 3 Implementation Implementation Develop actions and drive toward future Plan Plan state Develop and map concepts for the future state as a management team

After completion.look for other opportunities to improve

Advanced Lean

Value Stream Mapping

Current
Flow:
Information Material
Prodn Cont.
13 WEEK FORECAST 4 WEEK FORECAST

Future
Dash Lean Project Funnel
OPSI
Prodn Cont.
4 WEEK FORECAST 13 WEEK FORECAST

Dash Value Stream Map Initial State

OPSI
13 WEEK FORECAST

Forecast
Prodn Cont.

Sales
13 WEEK FORECAST

Daily Orders

GEC

Weekly Orders

HLA
MRP

CRC

Orders
Daily

Daily Orders

GEC

Weekly Orders

Prodn Cont.

HLA
MRP

CRC

Forecast Too Much Variation Orders

Heijunka
Daily

Sales

Suppliers

Daily Schedule Portable Unit Monitors Patient Vitals Produce ~4,000/Qtr Over 30,000 Variations

Customer

Suppliers

Too Much Variation

Heijunka

Too Much Variation Heijunka Daily Schedule

Customer

Irregular

Create Supermarket

Irregular

3 Bd. Assy. 2,360 Units $425,000 11 Days Worth

Brds + RIP $3,300,000 19 Days Worth Assy WIP 210 Units $513,000 3 Days Worth

Too Much Inventory

Test WIP+ FG $1,700,000 10 Days Worth 3 Bd. Assy. 2,360 Units $425,000 11 Days Worth

Brds +RIP $3,300,000 19 Days Worth Assy WIP 210 Units $513,000 3 Days Worth

Create Supermarket
$1,700,000 Too Much Worth 10 Days Inventory Test WIP+ FG

Create Supermarket

SMT
Raw Bds 8 WKS

HA 2
7 Days 3.5 Days 42 Min.

TEST 2
8 Days 24 Min.

ASSY 6
10 Days 30 Min.

TEST 4
10 Days 1020 Min.

CONF 2
5 Days 25 Min.

SHIP 6
30 Min. Non-Value Add 1,020 Hrs. (98% of Time) Value Add 20 Hrs. (2% of Time)

3
15 Min.

Too Much Inventory SMT Long Raw Set Ups Bds 3

8 WKS

J IT

J IT

Heijunka, J IT

J IT

Heijunka, Late Pt. ID

HA Batch 2
7 Days 42 Min.

TEST Batch 2
3.5 Days 24 Min. 8 Days

ASSY Batch 6
10 Days 30 Min.

TEST Batch 4
10 Days 1020 Min.

CONF Too Much 2 Variation

5 Days 25 Min.

SHIP 6
30 Min. Non-Value Add 1,020 Hrs. (98% of Time) Value Add 20 Hrs. (2% of Time)

SMED
15 Min.

2% Value Added Time98% Waste

Clearly Identifies Opportunities to Drive Sustainable Change

Template ~ Create your own Value Stream Map

Create a Value Stream

Identify AWO opportunities from the Value Stream map

Advanced Lean

Value Stream Deployment

Roadmap
1. Set the strategy 2. Find a change agent (how about you?) 3. Get the knowledge 4. Do an Action Work Out
Action Work Out

5. Eliminate waste by executing the plan 6. Expand the scope to other areas

Dont Wait!! Opportunities multiply as they are seized

Advanced Lean

Trace Collection Process: VSM

No Phones GECFA Collections
GE Money Mainframe (Vision Plus)

L L

NL

EXTERNAL AGENCY

EXITS

0-29 days past due accounts

Mainframe Workable/Non Workable

V+,CPAC, ICBS

IWP

DMS

c
App req

FCS

Sentricx

Hold

4 Hours + 4 Mins

10+5+5 Mins

3-9 DAYS

10 + 4 Mins

5 - 11 DAYS

L = Locate NL = No Locate C = Call made

X

Wait Time: up to 14 days Value Add: ~ 35 Min

Wait Time

Reduce TAT from 3-9Days to Less than 4 days

Advanced Lean

Value Stream Map From GE Rail ~ AWO

Before Lead Time: 76 Days 59 Total Steps

After Process Flow Lead Time: 52.35 Days 59 Total Steps

Advanced Lean

Standardized Work
CT

PA EN G

V IS

IO N

ENTERPRISE
Advanced Lean

Standard Work
Why have Standard Work? Elimination Waste

1. To make office process rules explicit

Establish the explicit methods for manual tasks with respect to quality, quantity, cost and safety. prevent wastes
2. A tool for Improvement
There can be no improvement in the absence of standards. Abnormal situation show that something is going on.

expose wastes

Advanced Lean

Standard Work
The combination of people, information and material to carry out an operation in the most efficient way
Office Processes
Often poorly defined Examples: Standardize Input Hand-off can create huge waiting time. Reduce time by standardization

Normal vs. Abnormal When normal and abnormal work activities are undifferentiated, waste almost inevitably occurs. Standard Work provides an efficient framework in which to determine when an abnormality has occurred so that it can be addressed.

Flow effect
Provide clarity about activities Reduce process variance Makes process reliable Exposes more waste

Identify Problems

Normal
Advanced Lean

vs.

Provides the Basis for Kaizen

Abnorm al

Why?

Standard Work
The devil is in the details. If you do not specify the standard, you allow wastes to occur that could be eliminated. But more important, it hinders learning and improvement in the organization. Specify content, sequence, timing and outcome to prevent and to expose waste. However, keep in mind that the details have to improve the flow of value as drawn in a value stream map. A perfect example of Standard Work
1. Each worker understands their task. 2. All tools and equipment are at arms length 3. Standard work has been practiced to perfection 4. Continuous observation and analysis drives continuous improvement Types of Waste Eliminated Searching Finding Selecting Transporting Waiting
Advanced Lean

Levels of Standardization

Two levels for standardization for every type of item

A. Activity B. Connection between activities

Connection Activity Customer

Advanced Lean

Standard Activity
Activity Customer

Standard Activity have to make the activity direct and unambiguous. On a detailed level tasks/decisions/etc should be specified. When designing a Standard Activity keep in mind the follow elements:
1. TAKT time 2. Work sequence 3. Standard work in process

Advanced Lean

Standard Work: Takt Time

Element 1

Create Standard Work around Takt Time, keeping in mind the changes in Takt Time.
TAKT Time = the frequency at which a product or service must be competed in order to meet customer needs

Rate of Customer Demand = Rate of Producing/Servicing

Available Time
TAKT time formula:
Time 60
Takt Time

Office Processes
Check any time if youre on schedule: Daily 400 in-voices. It is 13:30, are we on schedule?

Required Output
(Customer or Forecasted Demand)

Its 8:30 am. How are we doing?

7 am 8 am 9 am 10 am 11 am noon

(60) (60) (60)(12)

Advanced Lean

Person

Orders

Standard Work: Work Sequence

Element 2

Standard Work What has to be done? In what sequence? How much time can it take?

Work Sequence The order in which an person performs a series of repetitive tasks. It should be differentiated from the processing sequence, which is the order in which the part is processed.

Standard Work / Combination Sheet Use this Templat e

New / Rev Organization Area Page 1 of Supervisor

Standard Work Sheet

New / Rev Organization Page Area

Date

2/6/02

Production Line Part Number Part Name Manual Auto

AMX

Operator

of

Date 2nd

X-Ray

Station 1 & 2

J. David

Standard Work Combination Sheet

10 20

Shannon
80

Tubing

CFM Cell Fern Bissonnette Weld

Supervisor

Production LineCell 6 Qtr. 01 Part Number All Parts Part Name

Operator

Standard Work Sheet

Weld

All Tubes

Step No.

Operation Name

Time Sec ( ) Min ( X Hr ( ) ) Manual Auto

Production Req'd

Takt/Rate Time

Travel

30

40

50

60

Travel Wait

~~~~~~~~

70

74

90

Orbital Weld
Flex

End Finish

End Finish

1 2 3 4 5 6

Check Motor Issue DHR Install Clips

3 2 5 6 4

3 2 5 4 6 4 6

Install Gen. Housing Install Term. Strip Install/Wire Latch

10

Torch Braze Mech. Clean Mech. Clean Mark Hydro Test

Outside Cell FPI X-Ray EDM

7 Jumper Wire to Filter

10

Weld

End Finish

Totals

40

30

Operation Time

T/T

Standard Work

Scope of Operations From: To:

Raw material Finished Goods

Quality Check

Safety Standard Precaution Work-in-Process

27 - avg lot = 6
Turns

# Lots of Standard Work-in-Process

Total Manual & Travel TimeTakt/Rate Time Operator Man/Travel Time DPU's

100/Day

Physical or digital design

Standard Work Sheet and Standard Work/Combination Sheet defines the Work Sequence
Advanced Lean

Standard Work: Standard WIP

Element 3

Set a Standard WIP in your Cell, if applicable to your office process. The minimum Work in Process (WIP) required to perform repetitive operations, and maintain a continuous flow. Controls the in-process inventory to ensure an even and controlled process flow.

Standard WIP should be kept as low as possible.

Advanced Lean

Standard Connection
Connection Customer

The connection between two activities (hand-offs) is one of the biggest causes of waste in the office. Make sure that to standardize the connect between activities. Direct and unambiguous specifying: people involved form and quantity to be provided way requests are made by each customer expected time in which the requests will be met (!) It creates a clear supplier-customer relationship. This will reduce the possibility for variance, which increases the quality standard in the office.
Advanced Lean

Hand-offs (connection) are a big cause of waste in the office.

Standardization and Flexibility

Dont Manage a Standard Detect the Abnormality
Standardization makes abnormalities soon appear. By looking at the root causes of the abnormalities, you understand what is going on, and give the possibility to adjust. Two solutions: (1) eliminate the abnormality, or if not possible (2) adjust the standard to the new situation. Standardization increases your awareness of changes. And through this awareness you are able to adjust to these changes quickly, which increases your flexibility.

Standardization helps to create a flexible multi-disciplinary workforce. It is easy for a person to take over work from another person.
Advanced Lean

Relation with other Lean Tools

Value Stream Mapping
First implement the improvements of the Future State (e.g. continuous flow, 5S, etc.). Then use Standard Work to standardize all the activities in and between the processes. It will expose waste (by abnormalities) and also prevents waste (keep everybody focused on normal way of working).

Creating Continuous Flow

Standard Work helps to reduce variance allow the flow of value. Less variance improves the capability to create real continuous flow.

Mistake Proofing / Poke-Yoke

Standard Work is the prerequisite for implementing Mistake Proofing. Mistake Proofing has to prevent to have defects going further on the line. If no standard, then defects Normal difficult to detect

Abnormal

Advanced Lean

Relation with other Lean Tools

Dont Manage a Standard Detect the Abnormality
Visual Management
Standard Work is the prerequisite for good visual management. It sets the standards for the work. Visual management has the objective to make abnormalities visual, so actions can be make right away.
Look Here

Kaizen
Standard Work provides a basis for improvement, because it exposes waste by abnormalities. These abnormalities are then subject to Kaizen Events to improve the processes.
Advanced Lean

Standard

Not Here

Summary

Standard Work prevents waste to occur. exposes waste and is the basis for continuous improvement. increases your flexibility. Two levels of Standardization 1. Standard Activity 2. Standard Connection Dont Manage a Standard Detect the Abnormality

Advanced Lean

Introduction to Single-PieceFlow (Continuous Flow)

PA EN G CT

V IS

IO N

ENTERPRISE
Advanced Lean

Single-Piece-Flow in a Cell Single-Piece-Flow

Carrying out one-piece-at-a-time processing in order to eliminate stagnation of work (queue) in and between processing steps.

Cell
An arrangement of people, systems, items, and methods with the processing steps placed right next to each other (physically or digitally) in sequential order, through which parts are processed in a continuous flow.

Physical Cell

Incoming Forms

Output

Digital Cell

Advanced Lean

Batch Vs Single Piece Flow

Batch Single Piece Flow

From: The Toyota Production System

Catches Defects too Late

How many more do you have? Where are they in the process? What is the root cause?

Catches Defects Immediately

You only have one You know where it occurred Resolve the root cause immediately

The Next Process is the Customer Never Send Defects !

Advanced Lean

Why Use Single Piece Flow ?

CTQ Quality Risk WIP FIFO Lead time Productivity * Changeover time **

Batch Production

Single Piece Flow

* Single Piece Flow productivity can be improved by balancing processes versus Takt Time ** Changeover time impact can be reduced by SMED or reducing changeover frequency, but, in this case, by increasing finished goods inventory.

Single piece flow is always better with respect to FIFO

Advanced Lean

Where to start?

Creating Single-piece-flow
1st time Value Stream Mapping Process Level Process Level Single Facility Single Facility (door-to-door) (door-to-door) Multiple Multiple Service Facilities Service Facilities

Prerequisites

Across Companies Across Companies

Advanced Lean

Which process area?

Supplier

Customer

Yes
A main characteristic for office processes is that the customer of the process is often the supplier of the needed information for doing the whole value stream, as well. Therefore, the customer often has to wait for the whole lead time of the process.

Start within the area with the biggest potential of lead-time reduction.

No
Start with the pace-maker process. That are the process steps in the value stream that are closed to the customer.

Advanced Lean

Roadmap - Creating Continuous Flow

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Cell Content
Start looking at what items you should have in the cell.

Actual Work
Then analyze actual work to be done in the cell.

System, Item, and Lay-out

Optimize System, Item, and Cell Lay-out for creating continuous flow.

Work Distribution
Distribute the Work among the People

Going to reduce waste out of:

Steps People activities System activities Item design Lay-out

Implement, Sustain, and Improve

Actual implementation of Continuous Flow in a Cell

We are going to look at the cell with Eyes for Flow

Advanced Lean

Questions for Creating Continuous Flow

Key questions
Cell Content
Do you have the right end items? What is the Takt Time?

Actual Work
What are the work elements necessary to make one piece? What is the actual time required for each work element?

System, Item and Layout for Flow

Is your System suitable for flow? Is your item design for optimal continuous flow? How can the process be laid out so one person can make one piece as efficiently as possible?

Work Distribution
How to use your people efficiently? How will you distribute the work among the people?

Advanced Lean

Do you have the right items?

Think carefully about assigning right items to your cell. Here are some guidelines:

1. Flexibility

Cell for multiple items

+ More flexible for changing demand + Pushes you to create short changeover time (waste reduction)

Cells for one item

Cells for multiple items

A&B

A&B

Advanced Lean

Identify Items for cell

Start with the product or service, that is the customers only interest in GE. To simplify, identify the product/service families:
A group of products/service that go through the same or similar downstream steps.

Process Steps & Equipment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Map together in one Value Stream Map.

Item

A B C

X X X X

X X X

X X

X X

X X
After analyzing, you might come up with the conclusion to have step 5, 6 and 7 in one cell.

2. Similarity of processing steps

When required steps of the different products vary too much, then separate cells. For example, item C does not look to be suitable for the cell.
Advanced Lean

Do you have the right items?

Time

3. Variance of different product types

Total Work Content (see also next section) of the product going through the cell should not variance more than 30%, otherwise take them apart.

Max. ~ 30%

4. Takt Time (production pace)

Purpose: Match Customer Demand Pace with Production Pace
How often should we finish an item to serve the customer on time?

TAKT time:

Available Time Required Output

(Customer Demand)

Its the heartbeat of the process

Advanced Lean

What are the Work Elements? (for making

one piece)

Work element
smallest increment of work done by a person (not a system) that could be moved to another person

Each process consist of a series of work elements. By collecting all the work elements in the cell, you get the total work content of the cell. Calculate the actual work by using a Process Study Form
Guidelines
Get REAL data, do not rely on standard time or data from the past. Get it yourself. Time each work element seperately, otherwise you can include waste. Once timed individual elements then time operators complete cycle from start to finish. Compare to see the waste. Time an experienced operator who is fully qualified to perform the job. Seperate operator work time from system cycle time.

Breaking work in elements helps you to expose and identify waste

Advanced Lean

Process Study Form

Process Study
Process Steps

Process

Observer

Date/Time

Operator
Work Element
Observed times
Low est System Repeatable Cycle Time

Notes

Do

clu o t in n

o any e

te w as s vi o u

work as

ts men ele

Full Process Study Template

Use this

Template
Advanced Lean

Microsoft Excel Worksheet

Paper Kaizen
First analyze the Total Work Content, and design improvement on paper

Current
240 210

Improved Paper Kaizen

Total Work Content for one item in the cell are activities A-K.

180

J I H G F
First understand all the work elements that make the total work (Current)

Approach of immediately leaving out wasteful steps. You eliminate some waste on paper before implementation.

Time

150 120

I H G F

Paper Kaizen Elimination: C and J Time reduction: A and F

90 60 30

E D C B A

then have a critical look on the work elements and design improvement on paper (Improved) to reduce wastes.

E D B A

Advanced Lean

Operator Balance Chart

then connect to Takt TIme.

210

Takt Time 205 sec. K

Operator Balance Chart (OBC)

Picture of distribution of work among operators in relation to Takt Time.
Simple Visual Quantative No guesswork
Takt Time 82 sec. E I H G
2

180 150

I
120

90 60 30 0

H G F E D B A
1

Takt Time 110 sec. F E D B A

1

K K H G F

D B A
1

I
3

= Operator

Advanced Lean

Is your System suitable for flow?

Is your system able to handle the Takt Time?
If a System (or Machine) is part of Continuous Flow Cell, you should make sure it is appropriate enough for handling the Flow.
Effective System Cycle Time < (Fastest Takt Time 20-25%) Fluctuation in demand Equipment is often less flexible than people

Also ask the follow questions about your System:

Valuable? Capable? Available? Adequate? Flexible? - Does the System add value? - Does the System create no defects? - Is the System always available when needed? - Is the System not a bottleneck for the flow? - Is the System flexible to adjust for changes? Is it working in batch or single piece? Easy to replace (price)? Easy to maintain? Easy to use? Is it optimal design to support continuous flow?

Should you have one integrated system, or different small systems connected by a simple workflow tool?

Advanced Lean

Is your item ideally designed for flow?

Are your items optimal designed for creating continuous flow?
How is the item presented in an easy, simplified, proper way? Are there any changes you can make on the item, so it takes less time for the operator to process? Are the items easy accessible, at their fingertips?

Ideally for a process

with high volume, low variety with high frequency of use with stable input

For example
Pay-roll Policy request processing Customer Service Centers

Advanced Lean

Cell Layout
How can the process be laid out so one person can make one piece as efficiently as possible?
Avoid isolated islands of activities. Minimize inventory accumulation between processes. Remove (physical and digital) obstacles for the operator Make value creating activities easily accessible. Design good ergonomics. Keep manual, operator-based work steps close together to allow flexible work element distribution.

Advanced Lean

Office Cell Layout

Cellular environment is an area of continuous flow. Physical
Multi-functional Co-located One piece flow Balanced waste removed Cross trained team Staffed within the interval Standard work

Incoming Forms

Out

or Digital
A cell can also be designed digital. Think of setting operators work in a flow by aligning systems. Workflow IT can help to let differ systems work together in a flow.
Advanced Lean

How to use your operators efficiently?

Number of operators:
Example
134 45 - 3

Total Work Content (after paper Kaizen) Takt Time buffer for variance

= 3.2 operators Lean Option

Option A
Balance the line
45
Buffer for variance Takt Time 45 sec.

Option B Lean Option

Maximize operator work. Let Op. 4 do other things Continuous Improving More variance reduction, reduces buffer. Eliminate by reducing more waste.

30

15 0 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

Advanced Lean

How will you distribute the work?

What is the optimal way of distribution the work?
There are a lot of way to distribute the work among operators, here two examples: How will you design that in your physical or digital layout.
Takt Time 38 sec.

Specialize
2x Takt Time

Do it all
75 60 45 30

H G F E H G F D B A
2 1

H G F E D B A
2

E D B A
Incoming Forms Out

15 0

Advanced Lean

Implementation Stages
Implementing the Flow consists of four stages:
1. Initial Process Design 2. Mock-up 4. Sustaining the Flow
Process associate involvement
Paper Kaizen & Initial Process Design

3. Debugging (!)

Mock-up -2 days

Debugging 2-4 weeks

Sustaining

Avoid making things permanent, until stage 4, because it is a real learning-by-doing implementation.

Advanced Lean

Stage 1 Initial Process Design

The actual initial continuous flow design is not a bottom-up, self-directed team process. A small team should create the initial flow design by the steps presented in this training. Participants in this team: Leadership Quality IT (if important for design) Someone from the process team

Process associates are involvement in the upcoming implementation stages.

Advanced Lean

Stage 2 Mock-Up

The initial design represents theoretical ideas for creating continuous flow. Goal of the mock-up is to introduce process associates to the process design and to find improvement opportunities before the actual process is deployed.
Show Goals Layout of new process Operator Balance Chart New standard way of working (steps and visual overview)
Try to make improvements immediately during the mock-up as much as possible.

Advanced Lean

Stage 3 Debugging

In this stage the process begins operating and is improved to the point where it can process items as designed.
Make sure that you can still meet customer demand during transition (temporary additional resources needed?) Involvement of quality and IT for kaizen opportunities until it operates as designed. The cells success is everyones responsibility. Implement improvement ideas quickly. Operator Balance Chart and the new standard way of working must be kept up to date. Do not underestimate the effect of transition on the process associates. It requires good change management. Mark milestones that prove youre making progress. Near the end of debugging period the work elements should be carefully re-listed and re-timed.

Track progress on a dashboard. One by one the problems preventing the cell from meeting Takt Time should be identified and their causes eliminated.
Advanced Lean

Debugging Checklist

Is there real one-piece flow? Can the process associate make one, move one? Are the items go through the cell in a flow? Do process associates perform the work as specified in the operator balance chart and the new standard way of working? If not, why? Do the team leader and supervisor understand their job responsibilities? Does the information flow? Do the process associates, team leader, and supervisor know: Takt Time, what to process, how many to process, how many items are done, what problems are occuring, etc..? Are the system, item, and cell layout right? Does the cell use the minimum amount of equipment and inventory? Can the cell change over between different end items in time? Does the cell reduce lead time?

Advanced Lean

Stage 4 Sustaining

In this stage you move from the debugging phase into daily operation. Cells must start on time. Standard work, measurements and visual management should be put in place to control the continuous flow in the cell. It is rare to find a system that maintains a steady state. Things are either improving or slipping backward. So, the best way to maintain the continuous flow performance is to keep improving.

Advanced Lean

Introduction to Pull Production

CT

PA EN G

V IS

IO N

ENTERPRISE
Advanced Lean

What Is a Pull System ?

A system in which each process takes what it needs from the preceding process when it needs it and in the exact amount needed. Employs a variety of visual signaling devices and uses the concept of Kanban Just-in-time focused Controls production system and limits inventory Simplifies or eliminates documentation

Customer pulls the flow

Advanced Lean

What Is a Push System ?

A system in which products are pushed through production or distribution, based on a schedule. Ready or not, here I come! Products are produced only when scheduled Assumes receiving work centers will be ready for the products when they arrive Output continues without regard to actual downstream needs Response is delayed and the system disrupted due to shortinterval changes

Advanced Lean

Differences Between Push & Pull

Planning Push: Work is completed based on a planning system Pull: Work is completed based on authorization from downstream users

Work Authorization Push: Work is immediately sent to downstream user upon completion Pull: Work is not forwarded to next operation until requested

Advanced Lean

Why Use Pull ?

A conventional system, based on a schedule, generates unneeded inventory (overproduction) because true customer needs never fit perfectly with schedule. For the same reason, it can also generate shortages.
Schedule : Customer need : Inventory :

SHORTAGE

SHORTAGE

Pull ensures best inventory control with high customer satisfaction

Advanced Lean

Why Use Pull ?

Conventional Push system :
PROCESS #1 PROCESS #2

WIP = ?
PROCESS #3

Breakdown

Yield=2/h
RAW MATERIAL

Yield=1/h
WORK IN PROCESS

Yield=2/h
FINISHED GOODS

Pull System :
PROCESS #1 PROCESS #2

Standard WIP = 3
PROCESS #3

Breakdown

Yield=2/h
RAW MATERIAL

Yield=1/h
WORK IN PROCESS

Yield=2/h
FINISHED GOODS

Pull improves work in process management

Advanced Lean

Pull Characteristics
Standardized application Visibility Simplicity Standard lot sizes Discipline Versatility/Flexibility

Advanced Lean

How does Pull work ?

Legend
END CUSTOMER

Supermarket Material

2 1 9

Information Sequence / Timing

2nd LEVEL SUPPLIER

10

1st LEVEL SUPPLIER

9
2nd LEVEL SUPPLIER

10
PROCESS #3 PROCESS #2 PROCESS #1

9
2nd LEVEL SUPPLIER

10

Advanced Lean

How does Pull work ?

Min/Max is the most often used methodology to manage supermarket/buffer inventory level.
Max> Replenish Min>

Pull Pull Pull

High performance companies use Kanban to communicate needs to preceding process.

Advanced Lean

Heijunka
Heijunka is the foundation of the Toyota Production system, and is the process of leveling and sequencing an operation.
There are three main elements of Heijunka 1. 2. 3. Leveling: Overall leveling of a process to reduce variation in output Sequencing: Managing the order in which work is processed (Mixed Production) Stability or Standard Work: Reduce process variation Toyota Production System

Just-in-Time

Customer Demand

Leveling

Reduction in variation experienced by the customer

Advanced Lean

Heijunka

Heijunka

Jidoka

Kanban
A Kanban is a signal used by a downstream operation to request a material replenishment
Kanban

Supplying Supplying Process Process

Required Part/ material
q q

Using Using Process Process

Cards Carts

q q

Bins Labels

Kanbans are used to signal the supplying process that more material is needed
Advanced Lean

Jidoka
Jidoka allows machines/processes to operate autonomously by shutting down automatically if an abnormality occurs. This prevents defective products from passing to the next process. There are two main elements of Jidoka 1. Autonomation: Automation with human intelligence operate autonomously 2. Stop at Every Abnormality
Toyota Production System

Just-in-Time

Abnormal

Heijunka

Fix the process (problem) before moving on

Advanced Lean

Jidoka

 Lean Overview Lean Methodology Lean Toolkit Lean Deployment Lean Glossary Lean Resources

Advanced Lean

Lean Deployment
Lean Deployment Roadmap
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Set the strategy Find a change agent (how about you?) Get the knowledge Seize or create a crisis to motivate change Map your value streams, creating a future state plan Eliminate waste by executing the plan Expand the scope to other areas
Dont Wait!! Opportunities multiply as they are seized
Advanced Lean

Lean Deployment
Investment Required
Expense 5% Technical 30%

Cultural 65%

The Soft Stuff is the Hard Stuff

Advanced Lean

Lean Deployment
Key factors for Success
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Leadership commitment Ramp up with results Consistency of purpose Knowledge/Training Wide spread Communication Change management Team responsibility Metrics Reward and recognition Roadmap for Execution (Discipline) Balance between short term and long term Best practice sharing (Community) Value Stream Management

Dont be afraid to give up the good for the great!

Advanced Lean

Lean Deployment
Kaizen: Change for the better
Continuous incremental improvement Continuous slow Data driven: visual and quantitative Bias for action Does not cost money Absolute intolerance for waste

Kaizen = Action Work Out (AWO) at GE

Advanced Lean

Lean Deployment
Kaikaku
Vision Kaizen = Evolutionary Change
K ak u

Kaikaku = Revolutionary Change

Improvement
en K ai z
Kaik a ku

K ai z

en

Ka

ika ku

ai k

Kai

zen

en K ai z

Time

Need Both Kaizen and Kaikaku!!

Advanced Lean

Lean Deployment
Value Value Streams Flow Pull Perfection

PROCESS Lean (Elimination of Waste) Fron t Line s Senio r Mgmt FLOW Lean . (Flow and Pull Improvement) Focus Flow Lean Focuses establishing lean workflow Use of Technology for flow Wing to wing improvements Establish Pull With customer involvement Six Sigma for complex problems

Process Lean Lean for waste elimination & process efficiency Empowered teams for speed of execution Tap knowledge residing in grass root level . Simple Communication

Responsibilities clearly demarcated

Advanced Lean

Lean Deployment
Why some companies fail?
1. Too busy managing day-to-day no time for continuous improvement and organizational learning Belief that past strategies and approaches will continue to be effective in the future Management through control and efficiency Organizing and managing through departments Using people as operational labor, not operational experts Let Lean Thinking be perceived as a downsizing exercise

2.

3. 4. 5. 6.

Important to be wary of the above factors

Advanced Lean

Agenda
Lean Overview Lean Methodology Lean Toolkit Lean Deployment Lean Resources

Applying the right tools at the right stage

Advanced Lean

Lean Resources
For all references on Lean training material, Lean Initiatives, Genpact Project examples, visit the Lean Community on the Genpact Support Central http://gecishome.gecis.ge.com/portal/page?_pageid =33,872304&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL

an Le
Advanced Lean

ry it o os ep R

Lean Rewards & Recognitions

Got any Lean Improvements.. Upload it onto the Lean Workflow All approved Team & Individual ideas win Cheers

Advanced Lean

Closing Words Many unidentified problem areas exists within your processes Lean methodology helps exposing those problem areas ~ Creating opportunity for improvement Implementation is the key
Advanced Lean