y The loss of skilled intellectual and technical labor

through the movement of such labor to more favorable geographic, economic, or professional environments.
y The departure of educated or talented persons for

better pay or jobs.

Explanation of the term Brain Drain

y Brain Drain is an expression that was popularized in the

1960s with the loss of skilled labour power from a number of poorer countries, including India, to richer countries (Pearce 1994 p. 43). Of particular interest are those emigrants with scarce professional skills, like doctors, engineers and especially information technology specialists (ITS). Moreover, it has to be mentioned that the education of emigrating specialists had been carried out at extensive expense of their home country s government (www.queensu.ca). The loss of skilled experts is also a loss of a country s human capital, which is significant in bringing its own economy to prosperity.

History of Brain Drain

y After World War II, more precisely from the early 1960s

onwards Indian specialists routinely left India for the economic opportunities and better living conditions to western civilized countries, in particular to the UK and the US (www.sims.berkeley.edu). During the 1970s and 1980s, entire graduating classes from elite Institutes of Technology emigrated to achieve professional and economic success in a foreign country. Today, the US economy is outsourcing parts of its high tech to India in order to reduce costs (New York Times 03.02.04). Later in this assignment, we will take a closer look at today s and future development of the brain drain.

Emigrants due to lack of employment and low salaries, and thus people are tempted to look for better salaries elsewhere - here, we talk about Economic factors. The second cause of migration is political instability in home countries, thus they loose confidence to their governments and future prospects for a better life. These are individuals who may have difficulties because of their ethinic, cultural, religional belongings or being a member of opposition political groupings in their home countries, - Migration taking place in response to wars, and political and social turmoil. there are family influence (overseas relatives, and personal preference: preference for exploring, ambition for an improved career, etc).

y lack of opportunities, political instability, economic depression,

health risks; in host countries: rich opportunities, political stability and freedom, developed economy, better living conditions.

y attraction of leading a higher standard of living in foreign

countries, because the technical experts and intellectuals, are give special facilities there. stipends in foreign countries are sufficient enough. A frugal Indian Student living there can also save something to send home.

y while learning a person can also earn his own living. The

y Our children study well and come out with very attractive results.

When they enter the market of employment, they find high competition. Once entered into some job, very often, they find that the pay is not all attractive. The perks also may not be competitive. At the same time, their friends working in some advanced countries, with the same qualification, get very attractive salary and other facilities. So naturally they try for a change. Ultimately all, who can compete, end up with some foreign countries.

y The UNDP estimates that India loses $2 billion a year

because of the emigration of computer experts to the U.S Indian students going abroad for their higher studies costs India a foreign exchange outflow of $10 billion annually. Although India faces large outflow of intellectuals, the government nearly takes no measures to curb this situation, because the Indian government believes that the outflow of intellectuals is not necessarily bad for India. These Indian overseas will benefit India one day eventually. On the other hand, the Indian government makes great efforts to prevent the outflow of capitals.

y Good governance at the national and international

level, especially maintenance of reasonable security for peoples' lives and property is essential for economic progress, Thus withholding political and economical emigrants, who blame their governement's failure for political unrest and stagnant economic growth is possible. Transparency in leadership is essential and should be maintained. y Offering higher wages for `insiders` according to their qualifications is essential, instead of over estimating and hiring expatrates, which are more costly

y Education plays a powerful role especially in the growing

problems of international migration. Therefore, offering these individuals the necessarily education qualifications in their home countries, and expanding a better educational infrastructure may definitely prevent emigrants who are seeking a higher education abroad.

y Seeking alternative measures for return of warranty from

the beneficiaries, such as the withholding of academic degrees until the graduates return and are willing to serve the people,may be another considerable alternative.

y The last alternative measure could be, taxing

emigrants who are indigenously trained in home countries. This is indeed a sensitive issue and may sound absurd, and may potentially infringe on the basic human right and freedom to chose the nature and location of individuals where to live and where to work. Thus, it must be agreed upon the international community and international laws

y Brain gain: An opposite situation, in which many trained

and talented individuals seek entrance into a country, is called a brain gain; this may create a brain drain in the nations that the individuals are leaving. A Canadian symposium in the late Nineties gave circulation to the new term, in response to Canada luring more skilled professionals to the country than it actually lost.

y Brain waste: Sometimes migrants to other countries or

urban areas are not able to obtain employment commensurate with their educational qualifications. This is called brain waste.
y Brain circulation :In general most developing countries

suffer brain drain because emigrant intellectuals refuse to return. Some migrants do return to their home countries or become transnational with homes in different countries

y Lakshmi Narayan Mittal (Rajasthani:

; born 15 June 1950) an Indian national,steel tycoon and the chairman and chief executive officer of ArcelorMittal, the world s largest steelmaking company.As of July 2010, Mittal is the richest man in Europe and the fifth richest in the world with a personal wealth of US$28.7 billion or 19.3 billion.The Financial Times named Mittal Person of the Year in 2006. In May 2007, he was named one of the "100 Most Influential.

y Mother Teresa's original name was Agnes Gonxha

Bojaxhiu. She was born on August 27, 1910 in Skopje, Macedonia. Her father was a successful merchant and she was youngest of the three siblings. At the age of 12, she decided that she wanted to be a missionary and spread the love of Christ. At the age of 18 she left her parental home in Skopje and joined the Sisters of Loreto, an Irish community of nuns with missions in India.