Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies Part Four: Tourism Supply, Demand, Planning and Development

Learning Objectives
Recognize the world-wide importance of natural resource conservation and sustainable tourism development Learn how ecotourism can benefit local people Understand the dangers and limitations of ecotourism Understand tourist codes of ethics and guidelines Learn current environmental practices of tourism organizations and suppliers Learn how to maintain natural destinations

11th Edition - 2009

Chapter 17: Tourism and the Environment

Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies Part Four: Tourism Supply, Demand, Planning and Development

WTTC
Key Environmental Issues

y Global warming y Depletion of the ozone layer y Acid rain y Depletion and pollution of water resources y Depletion and pollution of land resources

11th Edition - 2009

Chapter 17: Tourism and the Environment

Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies Part Four: Tourism Supply, Demand, Planning and Development

WTTC
Implications of Resource Depletion
y Political instability or increased competition for land could lead to loss of potential new tourism destinations and degradation of existing destinations y Loss of landscape and wildlife could cause a decrease in customer satisfaction with tourism products and hence lower propensity to travel to some destinations y Higher fuel prices could lead to operational price increases and corresponding decreases in the number of travelers in this price-sensitive market

11th Edition - 2009

Chapter 17: Tourism and the Environment

Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies Part Four: Tourism Supply, Demand, Planning and Development

Elements of the WTTC Vision of Travel & Tourism and the Environment
y y y

y y y

y y

Travel & Tourism is an integral aspect of modern societies Global awareness of environmental damage is developing rapidly The resources of the worlds largest industry can and must be harnessed to achieve environmental goals The industry has the potential to influence billions of customers per years and to use its leverage to achieve beneficial environmental effects The customer challenge will exert a growing pressure to achieve environmental improvements Environmental lobbies will add pressure to develop good environmental practice Self-regulation must be developed rapidly and effectively and used to influence the development of appropriate and workable regulations Corporate environmental mission statements are a vital first step toward self-regulation Environmental leadership must come from the major international companies
Chapter 17: Tourism and the Environment

11th Edition - 2009

Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies Part Four: Tourism Supply, Demand, Planning and Development

The Premises of Sustainable Development

The Premise of Interdependency The Premise of Multidisciplinarity The Premise of Previous Experience The Premise that Nature is Better The Premise of Politics and Power

11th Edition - 2009

Chapter 17: Tourism and the Environment

Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies Part Four: Tourism Supply, Demand, Planning and Development

Sustainable Development and Tourism: The Critical Areas

Defining the Relevant Population/Community Defining the Time Horizon Defining the Dimensions of Sustainability Defining the Values that Underlie Sustainable Development

11th Edition - 2009

Chapter 17: Tourism and the Environment

Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies Part Four: Tourism Supply, Demand, Planning and Development

Sustainable Development in Tourism:

A Possible Allocation of Responsibility
Level/Organization
y Host Community/Region y

Responsibilities
Defining the tourism philosophy and vision for the community/region Establishing social, physical and cultural carrying capacity for the host community/region Coordination of implementation of community SD plan tourism Monitoring of levels and impact of tourism in the community/region Fair contribution to implementation of SD plan for tourism Observance of regulations, guideline and practices for SD Encouragement/acceptance of tourism within parameter of SD plan Acceptance of responsibility for minimal selfeducation with respect to values of host region Acceptance and observance of terms and conditions of host community SD plan for tourism

y Destination Management Community-Organization y

y Individual Tourism Firms and Operators y

Host Community/Region

y Visitors/Tourists y

11th Edition - 2009

Chapter 17: Tourism and the Environment

Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies Part Four: Tourism Supply, Demand, Planning and Development

Sustainable Tourism
An Agenda for Action
ACTIVITIES:
y Coordinating the development of a tourism philosophy and vision for the community/ region y Specifying the major goals of the community/region with respect to tourism y Obtaining consensus concerning the social, physical, and cultural carrying capacity of the community/region in question y Identifying the specific action initiatives necessary to meet the tourism development objectives while respecting the destinations carrying capacities y Gaining agreement on the measures to be used in monitoring the impacts of tourism in the community/region y Gathering and disseminating information concerning the impacts of tourism on the community/region
Chapter 17: Tourism and the Environment

11th Edition - 2009

Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies Part Four: Tourism Supply, Demand, Planning and Development

Sustainable Tourism
An Agenda for Action
PROGRAM ELEMENTS:
y Maximum total visitation levels to a community/region y An obligatory tax to support tourism infrastructure planning, development, and maintenance y Community-supported legislation to protect and preserve unique resources and heritage sites y Community and industry consensus concerning architectural and signage standards y Support for standards and certification programs that encourage staff development and the delivery of high-quality service

11th Edition - 2009

Chapter 17: Tourism and the Environment

Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies Part Four: Tourism Supply, Demand, Planning and Development

Definitions of Ecotourism
Some definitions of ecotourism are as follows:
Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and sustains the well-being of local people Environmentally friendly travel that emphasizes seeing and saving natural habitats and archeological treasures A tool for conservation Ecologically responsible tourism

11th Edition - 2009

Chapter 17: Tourism and the Environment

Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies Part Four: Tourism Supply, Demand, Planning and Development

Benefits and Importance of Ecotourism

Provides jobs and income for local people Makes possible funds to purchase and improve protected or natural areas to attract more ecotourists in the future Provides environmental education for visitors Encourages heritage and environmental preservation and enhancement

11th Edition - 2009

Chapter 17: Tourism and the Environment

Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies Part Four: Tourism Supply, Demand, Planning and Development

Translating Idealism into Sustainable Tourism

- What Managers Need to Know -

Measures of The general relationship between tourism and the environment The effects of environmental factors on tourism The impacts of the tourism industry on the environment

11th Edition - 2009

Chapter 17: Tourism and the Environment

Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies Part Four: Tourism Supply, Demand, Planning and Development

Types of Indicators
Core indicators of sustainable tourism which have een evel ed f r eneral applicati n t all destinati ns Destination-specific indicators applicable t partic lar ec s stems r t pes f t rism. These indicat rs fall int two categories:
Supplementary ecosystem-specific indicators for application to partic lar ecos stems (e.g., coastal areas, parks and protected areas, or mountainous regions). Site-specific indicators that are developed uniquel for the particular site. These indicators reflect important factors of the site. Which may not be adequately covered by the core and supplementary eco-system-specific indicator sets, but are nonetheless needed for management of the particular site.

11th Edition - 2009

Chapter 17: Tourism and the Environment

Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies Part Four: Tourism Supply, Demand, Planning and Development

Core Indicators of Sustainable Tourism

Indic t r Site Protection Stress Use Intensity Social Impact evelopment Control W aste anagement S cific r Category of site protection according to IUCNa index Tourist numbers visiting site (per annum/peak month) Intensity of use in peak period (persons/hectare) Ratio of tourists to locals (peak period and over time) xistence of environmental review procedure or formal controls over development of site and use densities Percentage of sewage from site receiving treatment (additional indicators may include structural limits of other infrastructural capacity on site, such as water supply) xistence of organized regional plan for tourist destination region (including tourism component) Number of rare/endangered species Level of satisfaction by visitors (questionnaire-based) Level of satisfaction by locals (questionnaire-based) Proportion of total economic activity generated by tourism only Specific   Site Stress ttractivity
a b

Planning Process Critical cosystems Consumer Satisfaction Local Satisfaction Tourism Contribution to Local conomy Composit Indic s b Carrying Capacity

easures

Composite early warning measure of key factors affecting the ability of the site to support different levels of tourism Composite measure of levels of impact on the site (its natural and cultural attributes due to tourism and other sector cumulative stresses) Qualitative measure of those site attributes that make it attractive to tourism and can change over time

International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources The composite indices are largely composed of site-specific variables. Consequently, the identification and evaluation of the indicators composing these indices require on-site direction from an appropriately trained and experienced observer. In the future, based on the experiences in designing composite indicators for specific sites, it may be possible to derive these indices in a more systematic fashion. See the case studies for Villa Gesell and Peninsula Valdes for application of these indices. Source: World Tourism rganization

11th Edition - 2009

Chapter 17: Tourism and the Environment

Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies Part Four: Tourism Supply, Demand, Planning and Development

Tourism Industry Associations of Canada

Enjoy our diverse natural and cultural heritage and help us to protect and preserve it Assist us in our conservation efforts through the efficient use of resources, including energy and water Experience the friendliness of our people and the welcoming spirit of our communities. Help us to preserve these attributes by respecting our traditions, customs, and local regulations Avoid activities which threaten wildlife or plant populations, or which may be potentially damaging to our natural environment Select tourism products and services that demonstrate social, cultural, and environmental sensitivity

11th Edition - 2009

Chapter 17: Tourism and the Environment

Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies Part Four: Tourism Supply, Demand, Planning and Development

Common Features of All Codes

y the need to make an overall commitment to the physical and human environment, to accept responsibility for environmental damage and take corrective action where necessary, and to promote and reward outstanding environmental performance; y the need to develop policies and strategies that take account of land-use planning regulations and the need to protect some areas from further development; y the need to develop management policies that enhance beneficial and minimize adverse impacts on the environment;

and
y the need to cooperate with other firms, sectors and countries.

11th Edition - 2009

Chapter 17: Tourism and the Environment

John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2009