HVDC SYSTEMS

Introduction Use of DC is much older than AC. In 1882: First 110V DC station by Edison

In 1880s & 1890s: AC replaced DC due to - Transformers ( Generation at low voltage & transmission at high voltage) - Induction motors (in place of DC motors) But HVDC transmission again gained importance. - transmission of bulk power over longer distances - high charging current (for U/G ac transmission)

( a ) AC Transmission System
V1 V2

Power transmitted P

( b ) DC Transmission System

VV2 = 1 sin X

Vd1

Vd2

Power transmitted

P = Id Vd 2

( Vd1 Vd 2) =
R

Vd 2

Advantages
1.No stability problem - Long distance bulk power transmission 2.No charging current long distance U/G cable transmission 3.Line construction: - Simple & cheaper 1 conductor + ground return (in place of 3 wire AC) 4.No skin effect 5.No compensation required 6.Less corona & RI 7.High operating voltage possible: switching surges are low 8.Low short circuit current 9.Asynchronous link between two ac system possible.

Disadvantages

Expensive converters: - local reactive power compensation, RI, harmonics, AC/ DC filters Voltage transformation is not easy to be done on AC side only. Circuit breaking - difficult

Point-toPoint Two terminal Mono-polar Bipolar Homo-polar Multiterminal

Back-to-Back

-ve conduction less corona continuous Ground current

4

No ground current With one conductor failure - half of rated load

Where ground current is not a problem

5

Multi - terminal links

(a) Line with parallel tap

(c) Series connected system Back - to - back Link

(b) HVDC Ring System

q Economic factor
For same power capability & reliability

1.Cost of DC line < cost of Ac line 2.cost of terminal equipment of DC line > that of AC line

AC

DC

Cost

Break-even distance
500 km DC AC Terminal costs

200

400

Distance (km)

600

800

1000

Diode

Thyristor

Rated Current : 2 . 500 3 . 0 kA Rated Voltage : 3 - 5 kV

9

10

11

12

(1)

(2)

13

14

15

(3)

(4) (5)
16

17

(6)

18

can vary from 00 to 1800 Cos will vary from 1 to -1 Vd will vary in the range of +Vd0 to Vd0 Id cannot reverse due to unidirectional property of the valves, therefore +Vd and +Id: AC to DC Conversion (Rectification ) -Vd and +Id: DC to AC Conversion (Inversion) When > 60 0 , some negative voltage periods begin to appear. If the dc load connected is a pure resistance, the direct current through the load would be discontinuous . A large smoothing reactor on the DC side avoids the discontinuous operation.

19

20

(7)

(8)

21

(9)

(from Eq. 4)

(from Eq. 8) (10)

(11)
22

The convertor operates as a sort of transformer a fixed current ratio (1: 0.78) variable voltage ratio which vary with the firing delay angle

23

Due to source inductance , the phase currents cannot change instantly, therefore the transfer of current from one phase to other takes time called overlap or commutation time

Lc

24

 < 60 0 : Normal Operation ( 20 0 25 0 ) During commutation, three valves conduct Between commutation, two valves conduct Since a new commutation begins every 60 and last for angle , the angular interval when two valves conduct is 60 . The sequence is 12, 123, 23, 234, 34, 345, 45, 456, 56, 561, 61, 612 = 60 0 : Always a set of three valves conduct. 123, 234, 345, 456, 561, 612. 60 0 < < 120 0 ( Abnormal operation ) Alternately three and four valves conduct = 120 0 ( Limiting case ) 25 Always four valves conduct

During commutation, or

(14)

26

(15) (16)

(17)

27

(14)

Thus due to overlap, the voltage of point prises to

(ea + eb ) instead of 2

eb
28

29

(18)

Without overlap, the direct voltage was

, therefore with overlap

(19)

(20)

From (17) and (18) Hence from (19),

d Id V = Vd 0 I 22 s
Id Vd = d 0 cos V 2 Is2
(21)
30

Substituting from (3)

and from (16)

Rectifier Equation:

(22)

= 6 fLc

(23)

Equivalent circuit of bridge rectifier

31