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Before you start with this unit, you should be able to do the following: Solve elementary differential equations. Calculate tensile and bending stresses. Determine the second moment of area about the horizontal and vertical axes passing through the centroid of built-up sections. Define the boundary conditions.
Expected Outcomes
Upon Completion of this unit, you should be able to do the following: Derive and apply the Euler formula. Determine the slenderness ratio and effective slenderness ratio of a slender strut. Determine the validity limit for the Euler formula. Derive and apply the Rankine-Gordon (Rankine)formula for slender struts. Apply the Johnson equation for intermediate struts. Apply the Perry-Robertson equation for intermediate struts.
Definition of a strut
Struts are defined as long compression members which fail by buckling before the induced compressive stress reaches yield point. P The buckling load is defined as the axial load which will keep the strut in its F bent form. F The calculation of the cross sectional area of a compression member is usually P based on the buckling load.
Strut
Analysis of Strut
The first two theories to be considered in the analysis of strut are the Euler and Rankine-Gordon theories. The formulas derived in these theories are based on the following limitations: 1) The deflection is very small. 2) The column is perfectly straight before the load is applied. 3) The column material obeys Hooke s law. 4) The load is applied axially.
Euler formula
Euler s theory applies to very long struts where the effects of the direct compressive stress may be ignored. This was first published by Leonhard Euler in the eighteen century. The experiment was conducted on an ideal column with no imperfection with both ends pinned.
Euler formula
Consider the pin-jointed strut MN, which is kept bent by the compressive force P. Let the deflection at a distance x from M be y. From equation 6.3;
Euler formula
Euler formula
Euler formula
Euler formula
PE is the Euler buckling load for a pin-jointed strut.
15.1
End Fixity
a) Both ends pinned. b) One end fixed one end free. c) One end fixed one end pinned . d) Both ends fixed.
Effective length
This is considered to be the distance between the points of contra fixture which develop as buckling occurs, the position of these points depending on the end fixing conditions. Effective length(le) ! nN n is a constant depending on the end fixing conditions. The crippling load for the pin-jointed strut (fig. (a)) was calculated in equation (15.1) effective length le for this case is l for n=1.
This is the minimum length of strut which will buckle under a certain specified load. For pinned ends, when n = 1: T EI PE ! (15.2) N
2 2 e
EI N !T C P
Critical buckling length CLR ! Critical buckling length for pinned ends
T 2 EI
2N2
0.25T EI 2 N
2
E!
CLR:
N ! 0.5T C
I P
EI .5T P ! .5 EI T P
CLR:
1.41T T I P
I P ! 1.41
EI N ! 1.41T C P
N 2 2 4T EI E! 2 N
EI N ! 2T P
EI 2T P !2 CLR: EI T P
Example 15.1
Calculate the buckling load for a bar 1 m long and 20 mm in diameter using the Euler formula and assuming (a) both ends pin-jointed; (b) both ends fixed; (c) one end fixed and the other end pinned; (d) one end fixed and the other end free. (e) For case (a), calculate the maximum central deflection before the yield strength of 300 MPa is reached (E = 200 GPa).
Solution
Solution
Solution
Example 15.2
A column consists of a hollow tube of length 2,5 m and with an outside diameter equal to I,5 times that of the inside diameter. The column must carry an axial load of 40 kN without buckling. Using a factor of safety of 5, calculate the dimensions of the tube if one end is fixed and the other end is free. Use the Euler formula and take E = 200 GPa.
Solution
Solution
Example 15.3
A strut is 9 m long with a cross-section as used in example 9.2. Use Euler s formula and calculate the buckling load if; (a)the ends are ball-jointed; (b)the ends are pinned, restricting rotation about the YY axis (E = 200 GPa).
Solution
Solution
Solution
Slenderness ratio
The slenderness ratio of a specific column determines which buckling zone the beam is in (simple compression, inflexible buckling, flexible buckling) and also check method used for determination of the safety coefficient. The slenderness ratio is the ratio of the length of the strut l and k the radius of gyration about the axis which buckling will occur. l This is written as:
k
Slenderness ratio
The smaller radius of gyration if the end fixing conditions about the XX and YY axes are the same is used for the slenderness ratio. The effective slenderness ratio:
le k
This is used for the general expression, so that struts of the same material but with different end fixings may be compared with one another.
Slenderness ratio
If the slenderness ratio lies between 0 and 20, use pure crushing load equation:
Load Stress ! Area
If the slenderness ratio lies between 20 and 120, use the Rankine formula. If the slenderness ratio is above 120, use the Euler formula.
15.3
Perry-Robertson formula
This formula is based on the assumption that no strut will be perfectly straight. This formula is used in the Steel Construction Handbooks of most countries. For steel: (15.6)
Perry-Robertson formula
And the Euler bucking stress is:
Pc/A is the critical stress without any factor of safety built into the formula. Use a factor of safety of I,7 when using this formula. The advantage of this formula is that it can be used for intermediate and long struts.
Example 15.4
A steel strut of rectangular cross-section is 1,5 m long. The width of the section is 2,5 times the thickness and it must carry a load of 80 kN with a factor safety of 3. (a) Assuming the ends to be built in, calculate the cross-sectional dimensions of the strut using the Rankine formula. Take the yield stress as 300 MPa and the Rankine constant I for pinned ends as 1/7 500 (E = 200 GPa).
Example 15.4
(b) Use MATHCAD to determine the crosssectional dimensions using the Rankine formula. (c) Calculate the safe load using the Euler formula. Is this result valid? (d) Calculate the required dimensions for the strut using the other valid formulae discussed in this unit. (e) Plot the curves for the different valid formulae discussed in this unit.
Solution
(a) W = 2,5 T, where W is the width and T the thickness of the strut. The smallest radius of gyration k occurs about the XX axis (fig 15.7).
(1)
Solution
Solution
Solution
The MATHCAD Solution can be referred to the textbook.
Solution
e)
Example 15.5
A hollow cast iron column with fixed ends is subjected to a load of I MN with a safety of 2,5. The column is 4,5 m long and has an external diameter of 250 mm. (a) Calculate the thickness of the metal required using the Rankine formula. Take the Rankine constant for fixed ends and the proof stress for cast iron as 175 MPa. (b) Calculate the safe load of this column according to the Euler formula (E = 85 GPa). (c) Which of these two answers should be used?
Solution
(a) Since the Rankine constant is given for fixed ends, the effective length le must be replaced by l, the length of the strut, in equation 15.4.
Solution
Solution
Solution
The effective slenderness ratio is less than the validity limit for the Euler formula and hence the safe load of I MN should be used.