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Fuel is any material that stores energy that can later be extracted to perform mechanical work in a controlled manner Hydrocarbons are the most common source of fuel used by humans The first use of fuel was the combustion of wood or sticks by Homo erectus near 2 million years ago Coal was first used as a fuel around 1000 BCE in China
Energy source
Costs of electricity production in euros per megawatt hour 107.0 124.0 88.0 97.0
Nuclear Energy Brown Coal Black Coal Domestic Gas Wind Energy Onshore Wind Energy Offshore Hydropower Biomass Solar Electricity
Coal
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock normally occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams Coal is composed primarily of carbon along with variable quantities of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, with smaller quantities of sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen Most important energy source of India Accounts for 55% of energy needs of India
State Proved
Andhra Pradesh
9194
6748
2985
18927
Arunachal Pradesh
31
40
19
90
5255 Meghalaya Nagaland Orissa 89 9 19944 0 Uttar Pradesh 866 11653 Total 105820
Coal Mining
Surface Mining - used when a coal seam is relatively close to the surface, usually within 200 feet Underground (or deep) mining- used when the coal seam is buried several hundred feet below the surface. In underground mining, workers and machinery go down a vertical shaft or a slanted tunnel called a slope to remove the coal
Surface Mining
Classification of Coal
Peat,-precursor of coal. In its dehydrated form, peat is a highly effective absorbent for fuel and oil spills on land and water. Lignite referred to as brown coal, is the lowest rank of coal and used almost exclusively as fuel for electric power generation. Additionally, it is an important source of light aromatic hydrocarbons for the chemical synthesis industry. Bituminous coal -dense sedimentary rock, black but sometimes dark brown, often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material, used primarily as fuel in steamelectric power generation, with substantial quantities also used for heat and power applications in manufacturing and to make coke Anthracite -the highest rank; a harder, glossy, black coal.
Classification of Coal
Mostly E and F grade coal used in India. Blending Is Done To get Average D Grade.
Grade C.V. ( K Cal / Kg. ) > 6200 5601-6200 4941-5600 4201-5940 3361-4200 2401-3360 % Ash + Moisture
A B C D E F
19.57 19.57 - 23.97 23.92 - 28.69 28.69 - 34.05 34.06 - 40.14 40.14 - 47.10
Coking Coal
Coke is a solid carbonaceous residue derived from lowash, low-sulfur bituminous coal from which the volatile constituents are driven off by baking in an oven without oxygen at temperatures as high as 1,000 C The Coking Coal reserves in India is Low ( 33 BT) Metallurgical coke is used as a fuel and as a reducing agent in smelting iron ore in a blast furnace Coke from coal is grey, hard, and porous and has a heating value of 24.8 million Btu/ton (29.6 MJ/kg)
Advantages of Coal
Easily combustible, and produces high energy upon combustion Widely and easily distributed all over the world; Comparatively inexpensive due to large reserves and easy accessibility Good availability Inexpensive Very large amounts of electricity can be generated in one place using coal, fairly cheaply. A fossil-fuelled power station can be built almost anywhere, so long as you can get large quantities of fuel to it.
Disadvantages of Coal
It is Nonrenewable and fast depleting fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide, contributing to global warming. It leaves behind harmful byproducts upon combustion, thereby causing a lot of pollution; Mining of coal leads to irreversible damage to the adjoining A coal plant generates about 3,700,000 tons of carbon dioxide every year. A 500-megawatt coal- fired plant draws about 2.2 billion gallons of water from nearby bodies of water. This is enough water to support approximately 250,000 people.
The cost factor is not appearing as constraint from the following projects that appear on the anvil .The companies, which signed MoUs , were Astaranga Power Company Ltd (2,640MW), Sahara India Power Corporation (1,320MW), Ind-Barat Energy Utkal Limited (700MW), Jindal Steel and Power Ltd (1,320MW), Visaka Thermal Power Pvt Ltd (1,100MW), Kalinga Energy & Power Limited (1,000MW), Arati Steel (500MW) and Chambal Infrastructures and Ventures Ltd (1,200MW).While Astaranga Power Company intended to establish 2,640MW thermal power plants in two phases at Astaranga in Puri district with an investment of Rs 11,200 crore, Sahara India Power Corporation proposed to set up 1,320MW thermal power plant at Turla village in Bolangir district at an estimated cost of Rs 5,604 crore.Similarly, Ind-Barat Energy Utkal planned to set up 700MW thermal power plant at Sahajbahal near Banharpali in Jharsuguda district with a
Coal Gasification
Coal gasification is the process of producing coal gas, a type of syngas a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2), carbon dioxide(CO2) and water vapour (H2O) from coal The coal is blown through with oxygen and steam (water vapor) while also being heated Oxygen and water molecules oxidize the coal and produce a gaseous mixture of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), water vapour (H2O), and molecular hydrogen (H2)
Wind Energy
Definition - Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such as using wind turbines to make electricity, windmills for mechanical power, windpumps for water pumping or drainage, or sails to propel ships.
1 Tamil Nadu (4906.74 MW) 2 Maharashtra (2077.70 MW) 3 Gujarat (1863.64 MW) 4 Karnataka (1472.75 MW) 5 Rajasthan (1088.37 MW) 6 Madhya Pradesh (229.39 MW) 7 Kerala (27.75 MW) 8 West Bengal (1.10MW)
Barriers
Initial cost for wind turbines is greater Noise is produced by rotors Issue in the locations chosen
Future Plans
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has fixed a target of 10,500 MW between 2007 12, but an additional generation capacity of only about 6,000 MW might be available for commercial use by 2012.
Biomass
Biomass(Forest residues, animal matter, municipal solid waste, a waste product from processes of the pulp )is biological material derived from living, or recently living. Estimates have indicated that 15% - 50% of the world s primary energy use could come from biomass by the year 2050. Currently, about 11% of the world s primary energy is estimated to be met with biomass. In India, over 500 million tones /Year of agricultural and agro-industrial residue alone is generated, is equivalent to about 175 million tonnes of oil. 150-200 million tonnes of this biomass material is sufficient to generate 15 000-25 000 MW of electrical power at typically prevalent plant.
Biomass gasification
It is the process through which solid biomass material is subjected to partial combustion in the presence of a limited supply of air in gasifier and producer gas formed. The calorific value of this gas is about 10001200 kcal.Nm3. Biomass can be converted to other usable forms of energy like methane gas or transportation fuels like ethanol and biodiesel.
Biomass gasifier based systems:- applications of a producer gas produced from a biomass gasifier
Mechanical shaft power applications, i.e., water pumping for irrigation/drinking and grinding, where the gas is used as fuel for internal combustion engine. Direct heat applications where it is burnt directly in a boiler, furnace or klin, burner for institutional cooking, etc., to provide heat. Electricity generation through shaft power application viz., (engine coupled to an alternator/generator set).