AMALKRISHNA

INTRODUCTION
The pace of technological change has been significant over the past 50 years and has far exceeded the impact of the industrial revolution. The inconceivable has become the reality with computers the size of your hand or smaller and the creation of an online worldwide information resource. The importance of GIS in Modern Society is clear, GIS now touching on all areas of society from the environment, to transportation, to government to enterprise and the general public.
a digital map, data located on the map, and a software application (GIS) that links the two together

GIS is for
The application of GIS is countless. GIS technology can be used for scientific investigations, resource management, asset management, archaeology, environmental impact assessment, urban planning, cartography, criminology, geographic history, marketing, logistics, mapping and other purposes help to find wet lands and solutions for protection from pollution, town planning. GIS might allow emergency planners to easily calculate emergency response times in the event of any kinds of disasters including natural disasters.

Where is GIS Used? Government Agencies

GIS used to keep track of the properties, public works, roads, and more within their jurisdiction etc.

Emergency Services
Police departments, fire departments and other emergency services have begun to use GIS to help in their daily operations.

Other Businesses
Real estate agents and bankers are using GIS to track properties, property values, and tax information. Health care professionals are using GIS to track the spread of disease and wellness information. Communication technology companies use GIS in planning of their utility expansions. Weather forecasting also uses GIS technologies. A host of other businesses use it for marketing purposes.

FLOOD

FLOOD
Flooding is the most common of all environmental hazards. No country is immune from Floods Floods are natural phenomena common in many places around the world where either there is river nearby or the local weather can dump large amounts of rain.

ROLE OF GIS AND REMOTE SENSING

REMOTE SENSING AND GIS IN FLOOD MANAGEMENT

GIS plays a prominent role in flood management The unique capabilities of satellites to provide

comprehensive, and synoptic coverage of very large areas at regular interval and with quick turn around time have been very valuable in monitoring and managing flood dynamics. In fact, it is only space technology, which has for the first time provided the basic information needed in the space, time and frequency domain

Satellites, by virtue of their remote sensing and data transmission capabilities to provide comprehensive multi-date and multi-spectral information on dynamic phenomena covering very large as well as small river basins, have been found to be admirably suited for mapping/monitoring and studying

ROLE OF SPACE TECHNOLOGYY IN FLOOD MANAGEMENT

The vast capabilities of communication satellites are available for timely dissemination of early warning and real-time coordination of relief operations. Satellite communication capabilities, fixed and mobile, are vital for effective communication, especially in data collection, distress alerting, position location and cocoordinating relief operations in the field.

We can use the Techniques for

Flood Hazard Zone Mapping Flood Plain Management Flood Plain Zoning Flood Plain Regulation Flood Forecasting Near Real time Flood Mapping and monitoring Bank Erosion Studies River morphological studies. Digital Elevation Model

The best way to manage flood is use of combination of various measures

1. FLOOD INUNDATION MAPPING

To define spatial extent of flood inundation. To identify the worst flood affected areas. To evaluate impact of flooding on environmental concerns, such as, coastlines, forests, open space etc. To plan relief operation. To assess damage.

 Detailed mapping that is required for the production of hazard assessment maps and for input to various types of hydrological models. Developing a larger scale view of the general flood situation within a river basin with the aim of identifying areas at greatest risk and in the need of immediate assistance.

2.FLOOD PLAIN ZONING

Flood hazard zone mapping can be used as a means of non-structural flood control planning of the flood plain and for making policy decisions to regulate the flood plain development activities. Using historic satellite data combined with hydrological and close contour data, a flood hazard zone map can be prepared for flood prone basins

3.RIVER MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES

To identify the changes in river course over a time period. To identify the erosion prone areas along the river course To study the efficacy of flood management structures The river configuration and flood control works maps can be effectively used. This help to identify the vulnerable river reaches and status of the flood control embankments.

 necessary measures can be taken accordingly to avoid breaches. The bank erosion maps can be used for planning bank protection works. The study of river configuration will be useful to understand the behavior of the river and can be used for laying physical models.

4.Floodplain management GIS is ideally suited for various floodplain management activities. such as, base mapping, topographic mapping, and post-disaster verification of mapped floodplain extents and depths.
Example

GIS was used to develop a River Management Plan for the Santa Clara River in Southern California. A GIS overlay process was used to further plan efforts and identify conflicting uses along the river and areas for enhancing stakeholder objectives.

5.Near Real time Flood Mapping and monitoring

Before the on set of flood season-pre flood satellite data is produced. Analyzed and pre-flood river course is delineated.
A data base consisting of district boundaries, road/railway net work etc are prepared in GIS environment.

The flood situation is continuously monitored.

News media, flood report from CWC

Satellite data checked daily If the optical data is cloudy-use microwave data. Satellite data is geometrically rectified, classified, and flood layer is delineated.

 This layer is overlaid on map and flood maps are prepared. The layer is intersected with the existing database and flood damage statistics like district/block-wise flood inundated area, road/rail affected, damaged houses etc are calculated. The flood maps along with the flood damage statistics are sent to user departments in near real time. Through this system was sent to user within 5to 6 hours after getting satellite data.

6.Bank Erosion Studies

Sometimes the bank of the flood prone rivers are subjected to erosion. For giving bank protection structures. Vulnerable areas subjected to bank erosion along the river are monitored. High resolution satellite data acquired at different time intervals have been used to identify and map the the bank erosion.

7.Digital Elevation Model DEM can be created by collecting elevations and referencing them to the corresponding points in the mapped area. Digital contour lines digitized from the topographic map is the main source of the DEM generation.
Two main steps followed in constructing DEM The first step is converting contour data containing elevation attribute into the point data. The second step will generates the surface from the point data created in the first step. The triangulated irregular network (TIN) are applied in this process

A . Model Development And Execution (H&H)

Floodplain modeling involves two aspects Hydrologic analysis determines peak flood flows and hydraulic analysis determines peak water surface elevations. This calculation is based on physical characteristics of a drainage area that can be estimated from a GIS database. The runoff information from the hydrologic model can then be combined with stream cross-section information in a hydraulic model to determine the depth of flooding.

B . Sub watershed Delineation

For the purpose of hydrologic design modeling, subdividing the watershed is often necessary. The boundary of a watershed is defined by all points that will shed water to the outlet.
Mc Cuen (1998)

Community-Based Flood Risk Assessment Using GIS

Traditional methods for flood risk assessment are based on hydrological and hydraulic modeling software packages. These models are useful in depicting the spatial and temporal distribution of floods. However, few are well integrated within spatial modeling environments (i.e., GIS) and few are capable of non-expert implementation.

Risk Assessment
GIS helps to provide an alternative method for a basic flood risk assessment in data-poor environments by combining aerial photo interpretation, data questionnaires in a community-based field data collection campaign, and its subsequent processing and analysis using Geographical Information Systems

Datasets produced by these means and managed under GIS could be used by local authorities to carry out many of the municipal planning activities related to risk management. Moreover, these data could be used for other administrative and decision-making purposes.

Some floodplain mapping and modeling software examples are

1 DHI MIKE Products DHI Inc has three floodplain modeling packages that have GIS linkage capabilities: MIKE 11, MIKE 21, and MIKE FLOOD. 2 HEC-GeoRAS The HEC-RAS system is intended for calculating water surface profiles in a full network of channels, a dendritic system, or a single river reach.

Software
3 ArcGIS Hydro Data Model ESRI's ArcGIS Hydro Data Model can be updated to display purely cartographic data, such as the types of data used in creating floodplain maps. 4 GIS Stream Pro GIS Stream Pro from Dodson & Associates) is an ArcView Extension that runs with ArcView 3D Analyst Extension.

Satellite Remote Sensing and GIS techniques have emerged as a powerful tool to deal with various aspects of flood management in prevention, preparedness and relief management of flood disaster. They have greater role to play as an improvement over the existing methodologies. GIS is ideally suited for various floodplain management activities such as, base mapping, topographic mapping, and post-disaster verification of mapped floodplain extents and depths.

REFERENCES
Revised Guidelines For Providing Central Assistance To State Governments For The Schemes / Proposals Of Flood Control And River Management Works Under Flood Management Programme (2007-12) New Delhi, august 2009 http://mowr.gov.in/writereaddata/linkimages/FMP7870878878.pdf Flood management using Remote sensing . www.unesco ihe.org/.../Flood%20Management%20using%20remote%20sensing.pdf Remote Sensing Tutorial http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect8/Sect8_8.html Geo Informatics, volume 7, March 2004, Cmedia Productions BV, Page number 14-17. GIS Development,vol 9, issue 10, October 2005, ISSN 0971-9377, Page number 22-25. Key Areas in Remote Sensing and GIS, Pregame Planning and Evaluation Group, National Remote Sensing Centre, Department of Space, Government of India, 2003, Page number 21-23.

Utilize the technologies and increase production to serve our one and only world. Ensure sustainability in every development in every works which meets the needs of present without compromising the ability of the future generation. It also requires knowledge, new ideas for the sustainable development, innovation, willingness to confront challenges openly.

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