Bluetooth Technology

Mary Grace C. Raborar ETEEAP - BSECE

Outline
Introduction Name and Logo Bluetooth Standard Protocol Architecture Usage Models Core Protocols Radio Baseband Link Manager Host Controller Interface (HCI) Logical Link Control and Adaptation (L2CAP) Advantages Disadvantages

Introduction
Open wireless technology standard for exchanging data over

short distances from fixed and mobile devices, creating personal area networks (PANs) with high levels of security. Created by telecoms vendor Ericsson in 1994, it was originally conceived as a wireless alternative to RS-232 data cables. Bluetooth is managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), which has more than 14,000 member companies in the areas of telecommunication, computing, networking, and consumer electronics. The SIG oversees the development of the specification, manages the qualification program, and protects the trademarks. To be marketed as a Bluetooth device, it must be qualified to standards defined by the SIG.

Name and Logo

The name Bluetooth was named after a tenth-

century Viking king named Harald Bluetooth of Denmark (A.D. 940 to 985). During his reign, he united and controlled Denmark and Norway. The name was adopted because Bluetooth wireless technology is expected to unify the telecommunications and computing industries.

Bluetooth Standard
Bluetooth technology is a short-range wireless communication

standard designed for geographically limited transmissions. Also known as the IEEE 802.15.1 standard, Bluetooth is an industry specification for encrypted radio communications. It uses an unlicensed (2.4 to 2.485 GHz) frequency band of the radio spectrum, similar to Wi-Fi frequencies. The Bluetooth standard specifies three classes of devices that operate at different ranges: Class 1 radio, which operates at up to 100 meters Class 2 radio, which operates in a range of approximately 10 meters Class 3 radio, which operates in an extremely short range of up to 1 meter

Protocol Architecture

Protocol Architecture
Bluetooth has a layered protocol architecture

Core protocols

Radio Baseband Link manager protocol (LMP) Logical link control and adaptation protocol (L2CAP) Service discovery protocol (SDP) RFCOMM Telephony control specification binary (TCS BIN) PPP TCP/UDP/IP OBEX WAE/WAP

Cable replacement

Telephony control protocols

Adopted protocols

Protocol Architecture

BT Radio (2.4 GHZ Freq. Band): Modulation: Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying Baseband: FH-SS (79 carriers), CDMA (hopping sequence from the node MAC address) Audio: interfaces directly with the baseband. Each voice connection is over a 64Kbps SCO link. The voice coding scheme is the Continuous Variable Slope Delta (CVSD) Link Manager Protocol (LMP): link setup and control, authentication and encryption Host Controller Interface: provides a uniform method of access to the baseband, control registers, etc through USB, PCI, or UART Logical Link Control and Adaptation Layer (L2CAP): higher protocols multiplexing, packet segmentation/reassembly, QoS Service Discover Protocol (SDP): protocol of locating services provided by a Bluetooth device Telephony Control Specification (TCS): defines the call control signaling for the establishment of speech and data calls between Bluetooth devices RFCOMM: provides emulation of serial links (RS232). Upto 60 connections

Application TCP/UDP PPP

AT Commands

OBEX
HCI Audio

RFCOMM L2CAP

TCS

SDP

Link Manager (LMP) Baseband Bluetooth Radio

Usage Models
File transfer Internet bridge LAN access Synchronization Three-in-one phone Headset

Radio
Bluetooth devices operate on 2.4 GHz Industrial Scientific Medical

band (ISM band). Unlicensed in most countries. Interferences from: Other radio frequency short-range techniques Wireless local area networks (IEEE 802.11) Random noise generators (microwave ovens) Other Bluetooth units Techniques to minimize packet loss: Frequency Hopping Adaptive power control Short data packets

Frequency Hopping
Bluetooth uses a wireless transmission approach called

frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS), which divides the allocated frequency band into smaller bands and rapidly hops between 79 frequencies at a rate of 1600 hops per second. The duration in which each frequency is used is extremely brief, considering that more than 1000 frequencies are used per second. The sequence of frequencies that the transmitter hops in FHSS is based on a pseudorandom codebecause the code is a binary number that is actually generated with an algorithm, it is called pseudo-random.

Frequency Hopping

Baseband
Responsible for channel coding/decoding,

timing, and managing a Bluetooth link. Master/Slave

Devices in a connection are either master or slave. Communication is only possible between a master and its slaves. A master and the slaves are named piconets. Scatternet; multiple piconets connected together.

Piconet
Combination of the prefix

pico and network Collection of devices connected via Bluetooth technology One device must act as a master Other piconet units will act as slaves There exist three main types of connection used by Bluetooth: Single slave Multi slave Scatternet

Master Slave

Link Manager
Responsible for establishing, supervising and tear down connections and

logical links. Link controller states introduced to carry out these tasks. States: Standby Inquiry / Inquiry Scan

Used to detect all devcies in an unknown environment. Describes how connection is established. Have to know the address of the other devices. Is usually achieved through inquiry. Master and slaves are synchronized. Connection is established.

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Connection

Host Controller Interface (HCI)

Provided to ease the partition of the Bluetooth

Stack across two processors. Some systems will implement the baseband and link manager on the Bluetooth device and higher levels on the host processor. The HCI is provided as an interface between these parts.

Logical Link Control and Adaptation (L2CAP)

Provides a link-layer protocol between entities

with a number of services Relies on lower layer for flow and error control Provides two alternative services to upperlayer protocols
Connection service Connection-mode service

Advantages
Wireless (No Cables) No Setup Needed Low Power Consumption (1 mW) Industry Wide Support

Disadvantages
Short range (10 meters) Small throughput rates

- Data Rate 1.0 Mbps Mostly for personal use (PANs) Fairly Expensive