Lingaya`s Institute of Technology and Management SUMMER TRAINING

Presentation on GSM Network

SUBMITTED BY:

SANDEEP GOYAL 8EC-096

 Videocon telecommunication is a GSM based cellular operator in India based in Mumbai . Videocon Telecommunications Limited which holds a market share of 0.78% in the country, a Videocon group company offers GSM mobile services GSM service under the brand name Videocon. The Videocon Group is a $4 billion, global business conglomerate with a strong presence in Household Consumer Goods, Oil & Gas, Retail, Telecom, DTH and the Power sector.

Contents
GSM-Introduction Architecture Technical Specifications Voice Encoding Call Routing

What is GSM ?
Global System for Mobile (GSM) is a second generation cellular standard developed to provide voice services and data delivery using digital modulation.

GSM: History
Developed by Group Spciale Mobile (founded 1982) which was an

initiative of CEPT ( Conference of European Post and Telecommunication ) Aim : to replace the incompatible analog system Presently the responsibility of GSM standardization resides with special mobile group under ETSI ( European telecommunication Standards Institute ) Under ETSI, GSM is named as Global System for Mobile communication Today many providers all over the world use GSM (more than 135 countries in Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia, America) More than 1300 million subscribers in world and 45 million subscriber in India.

GSM System Architecture

Mobile Station (MS) Mobile Equipment (ME) Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) Base Station Subsystem (BSS) Base Transceiver Station (BTS) Base Station Controller (BSC) Network Switching Subsystem(NSS) Mobile Switching Center (MSC) Home Location Register (HLR) Visitor Location Register (VLR) Authentication Center (AUC) Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

System Architecture Mobile Station (MS)

The Mobile Station is made up of two entities: 1. 2. Mobile Equipment (ME) Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

System Architecture Mobile Station (MS)

Mobile Equipment:-The Mobile Station (MS) consists of the physical equipment used by a PLMN subscriber to connect to the network. Portable , vehicle mounted, hand held device Uniquely identified by an IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) Voice and data transmission Monitoring power and signal quality of surrounding cells for optimum handover 160 character long SMS.

System Architecture Mobile Station

Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
Smart card contains the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) Allows user to send and receive calls and receive other subscribed services Encoded network identification details - Key Ki, Kc and A3,A5 and A8 algorithms Protected by a password or PIN Can be moved from phone to phone contains key information to activate the phone

System Architecture Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

The Base Station System :- BSS is the system of base station equipments (transceivers, controllers, etc) which is viewed by the MSC through a single A-interface as being the entity responsible for communicating with Mobile Stations in a certain area. The radio equipment of a BSS are:1. Base Transceiver Station (BTS) 2. Base Station Controller (BSC) The radio equipment of a BSS may support one or more cells.

System Architecture Base Station Subsystem (BSS) Base Transceiver Station (BTS):
Encodes, encrypts, multiplexes, modulates and feeds the RF signals to the antenna. Communicates with Mobile station and BSC Consists of Transceivers (TRX) units Power levels transmitted :- 20 Watt Polarization:- cross polarizied

System Architecture Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

Base Station Controller (BSC) allocates a channel for the duration of a call maintains the call monitors quality controls the power transmitted by the BTS or MS generates a handover to another cell when required Transcoding and rate adaptation functionality

System Architecture Network Switching Subsystem(NSS)

Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

Heart of the network Manages communication between GSM and other networks Call setup function and basic switching Call routing Billing information and collection Mobility management - Registration - Location Updating - Inter BSS and inter MSC call handoff MSC does gateway function while its customer roams to other network by using HLR/VLR.

System Architecture Network Switching Subsystem

Home Location Registers (HLR)
- permanent database about mobile subscribers in a large service area(generally one per GSM network operator) - database contains IMSI,MSISDN,prepaid/postpaid,roaming restrictions,supplementary services.

Visitor Location Registers (VLR)

- Temporary database which updates whenever new MS enters its area, by HLR database - Controls those mobiles roaming in its area - Reduces number of queries to HLR - Database contains IMSI,TMSI,MSISDN,MSRN,Location Area,authentication key

System Architecture Network Switching Subsystem

Authentication Center (AUC)
- Protects against intruders in air interface - Maintains authentication keys & algorithms and provides security triplets ( R-AND,SRES,Kc) - Generally associated with HLR

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

- Database that is used to track handsets using the IMEI

(International Mobile Equipment Identity) - Made up of three sub-classes: The White List, The Black List and the Gray List - Only one EIR per PLMN

GSM Specifications
RF Spectrum GSM 900 Mobile to BTS (uplink): 890-915 Mhz BTS to Mobile(downlink):935-960 Mhz Bandwidth : 2* 25 Mhz
This can further be extended to E-GSM having a 10 Mhz frequency Band at starting of each channel.

GSM Specifications
GSM 1800 Mobile to BTS (uplink): 1710-1785 Mhz BTS to Mobile(downlink) 1805-1880 Mhz Bandwidth : 2* 75 Mhz

GSM Specification

Carrier Separation : 200 Khz Duplex Distance : 45 Mhz No. of RF carriers : 124 Access Method : TDMA/FDMA

VOICE ENCODING
Coding is the information processing that involves preparing the basic voice data signals so that they are protected and put in a form that the radio link can handle. The coding includes: Speech coding or transcoding Channel coding Bit interleaving Encryption Multiplexing The first step is performed in the MS, while the remaining steps are performed in the BTS . The decoding process follows these steps in the reverse order.

SPEECH CODING
The first stage of speech encoding is to convert human speech, generated by the microphone as an analogue signal, into a digital equivalent which can be used to regenerate the voice signal again. Human speech can be distinguished in elementary sounds (phonemes). Depending on the language spoken, there are 30 to 50 different phonemes. The human voice is able to produce up to 10 phonemes per second, so that about 60 bit/s are required to transfer the speech. However, all individual features and intonations would disappear. So higher bit rate is adopted to preserve the tonal quality as it carries a major part of information. Human voice is vibrations of voice box which in general composed of frequency components having required amplitudes only upto 3.1 khz. As frequency after 3.1 Khz are not of much significance as including them does not improves the voice Quality of signal received at other end. So LPF having cut-off frequency 4 khz is used to band limit the signal. Thus as per Nyquist criteria a samping frequency of 8 khz is used to sample the data.

Each sample is quantised into one of 8192 voltage levels. Each of these levels is represented by a 13-bit (213) binary code. Therefore, every second 8000x13-bit samples of the analogue signal are produced, resulting in a raw data rate of 104kbps. This raw bit stream is presented to the RPE-LTP Vocoder where it is chopped into 20mS (2080-bit) blocks. Each block is then processed separately. The vocoder categorises the data in each 20mS -block into three parts: Short-term Linear Predictive Coding data (LPC) Long-term prediction data (LTP) Regular Pulse Excitation data (RPE) The long and short term prediction waveforms are each encoded as frequency and amplitude information in the form of 36-bit blocks, while the RPE is encoded in a 188bit block primarily to ensure that the characteristic tone of the voice is reproduced well. Therefore, for every 20ms 2080-bit data block applied to the vocoder, a 20ms 260-bit output block is produced. Therefore, a compression ratio of almost 10:1 has been achieved without significant degradation to the voice quality.

Call Routing
Call Originating from MS Call termination to MS

steps in establishing a Mobile Terminated (MT) call:

(1) The incoming call is passed from the fixed network to the gateway MSC (GMSC). (2) Using the MSISDN of the calling MS, the GMSC interrogates the HLR to determine the IMSI number of the called party. (3) The HLR checks for the existence of the called number and identifies the VLR to which it is currently affiliated. It then requests the mobile station roaming number (MSRN) from the identified VLR. (4) Upon receipt, the HLR transmits the MSRN back to the GMSC. (5) When the GMSC receives a valid MSRN, it switches the call through to the appropriate MSC. (6) The VLR is queried for the location range and reachability status of the mobile subscriber. (7) If the MS is marked reachable, a radio call is enabled at the MSC. (8) This generates a paging request to from the MSC to all BSSs in the MS s last recorded Location Area. (9) The mobile subscriber telephone responds to the paging request from its current cell, the link is extended to the MS and authentication information is passed from the MS to the MSC . (10) All necessary security procedures are executed. (11) If security procedures are successful, the VLR indicates to the MSC that the call can be completed. (12) The MSC then extends the call from the GMSC to the MS.

Call set up

Handover Handover, or handoff as it is called in North America, is the switching of an on-going call to a different channel or cell. There are four different types of handover in the GSM system, which involve transferring a call between Channels (time slots) in the same cell, Cells (Base Transceiver Stations) under the control of the same Base Station Controller (BSC), Cells under the control of different BSCs, but belonging to the same Mobile services Switching Center (MSC), and Cells under the control of different MSCs.

References
Videocon telecommuniation,Gurgaon www.videocon.org www.aircom.com Google search Wikipedia encyclopedia

Thanks !