The chemical context of life

Key concepts
Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds An elements properties depend on the structure of its atoms The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical bonding between atoms Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds

Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and combinations called compounds

Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and combinations called compounds

What is matter?

Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and combinations called compounds
Something that has mass and occupies space Matter consists of atoms

Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and combinations called compounds
Something that has mass and occupies space Matter consists of atoms

What are atoms?

Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and combinations called compounds
Something that has mass and occupies space Matter consists of atoms
Atoms are the fundamental building block of all substances. The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element

Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and combinations called compounds
Something that has mass and occupies space Matter consists of atoms
Atoms are the fundamental building block of all substances. The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.

What is an element?

Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and combinations called compounds
Something that has mass and occupies space Matter consists of atoms
Atoms are the fundamental building block of all substances. The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.

An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reaction.

Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and combinations called compounds
Something that has mass and occupies space Matter consists of atoms
Atoms are the fundamental building block of all substances. The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.

Why? element is a substance that An

cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reaction.

Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and combinations called compounds
Each element is composed on a single type of atom Compounds are made of more than one element in a fixed ratio
hydrogen and oxygen sodium and chloride

gold

Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and combinations called compounds
Whether they are in compounds or in pure form, there are relatively few elements in living organisms

Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and combinations called compounds

An elements properties depend on the structure of its atoms

An elements properties depend on the structure of its atoms

What do we mean by properties?

An elements properties depend on the structure of its atoms

Properties-melting point, bonding, and density are common
examples.

An elements properties depend on the structure of its atoms

Atomic structure
Electron cloud

Nucleus

An elements properties depend on the structure of its atoms

Atomic structure
Electron cloud Contains: Electrons

Nucleus Contains: Protons Neutrons

An elements properties depend on the structure of its atoms

Atomic structure
Electron cloud Contains: Electrons

Nucleus Contains: Protons Neutrons

He

All atoms of the same element will have the same number of protons (Atomic number)

An elements properties depend on the structure of its atoms

Atomic structure
Electron cloud Contains: Electrons

Nucleus Contains: Protons Neutrons

He

All atoms of the same element will have the same number of protons (Atomic number) The number of neutrons typically equals the number of protons

An elements properties depend on the structure of its atoms

Atomic structure
Electron cloud Contains: Electrons 4 Nucleus Contains: Protons Neutrons 2

He

All atoms of the same element will have the same number of protons (Atomic number) The number of neutrons typically equals the number of protons Mass number is the number of protons + number of neutrons

An elements properties depend on the structure of its atoms

Atomic structure
Electron cloud Contains: Electrons 4 Nucleus Contains: Protons Neutrons 2

He

All atoms of the same element will have the same number of protons (Atomic number) The number of neutrons typically equals the number of protons Mass number is the number of protons + number of neutrons The number of electrons typically equals the number of protons

What is the atomic number of Aluminum?

How many protons does Lithium have?

What is the mass number of Chloride?

An elements properties depend on the structure of its atoms

Atomic structure
Electron cloud Contains: Electrons 3 Nucleus Contains: Protons Neutrons 2

He

All atoms of the same element will have the same number of protons (Atomic number) The number of neutrons typically equals the number of protons (not for isotopes) Mass number is the number of protons + number of neutrons The number of electrons typically equals the number of protons

An elements properties depend on the structure of its atoms

Atomic structure
Electron cloud Contains: Electrons 4 Nucleus Contains: Protons Neutrons 2

He

All atoms of the same element will have the same number of protons (Atomic number) The number of neutrons typically equals the number of protons (not for isotopes) Mass number is the number of protons + number of neutrons The number of electrons typically equals the number of protons (not for ions)

An elements properties depend on the structure of its atoms

Atomic structure
Focusing on electronsAtomic nuclei dont interact, electrons do Electrons vary in the amount of energy they possess because of their position relative to the nucleus. They are attracted to the nucleus It takes work (energy) to be far from it They reside in energy levels (shells)

An elements properties depend on the structure of its atoms

Atomic structure
Focusing on electronsAtomic nuclei dont interact, electrons do

An elements properties depend on the structure of its atoms

Atomic structure
Focusing on electrons-The chemical behavior of an atom is
determined by the distribution of its electrons
Hydrogen 1H
First shell

Helium 2He

Lithium 3Li
Second shell

Beryllium 4Be

Boron 5B

Carbon 6C

Nitrogen 7N

Oxygen 8O

Fluorine 9F

Neon 10Ne

Sodium Magnesium Aluminum 12Mg 11Na 13Al

Third shell

Silicon 14Si

Phosphorus 15P

Sulfur 16S

Chlorine 17Cl

Argon 18Ar

An elements properties depend on the structure of its atoms

The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical bonding between atoms

The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical bonding between atoms
Different types of bonds
Covalent bonds (strongest) - involves the sharing of electrons (i.e. H2) Electrons may be spread equally across the bond (non-polar bond) Electrons may not be spread equally across the bond (polar bond)

The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical bonding between atoms
Natural endorphin Morphine

Brain cell

Endorphin receptors

(b) Binding to endorphin receptors

The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical bonding between atoms
Different types of bonds
Covalent bonds (strongest) - involves the sharing of electrons (i.e. H2) Electrons may be spread equally across the bond (nonpolar bond) Electrons may not be spread equally across the bond (polar bond) Ionic bonds- Charge-charge interactions An interaction between a positive and negative charge Can form after one atoms strips a valence electron from another (ie. NaCl) Forms salts

The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical bonding between atoms
Ionic bond Electron transfer forms ions

Na Sodium atom

Cl Chlorine atom

Na+ Sodium ion (a cation)

Cl Chloride ion (an anion)

Which elements will most likely form an ionic bond?

a. Li and F b. C and O c. N and O d. Si and Cl e. H and H

The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical bonding between atoms
Different types of bonds (weak) Hydrogen bonds- involve polar covalent bonds, form when a hydrogen atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom

The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical bonding between atoms
Different types of bonds (weak) Hydrogen bonds- involve polar covalent bonds, form when a hydrogen atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom
This impacts the properties of water!

The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical bonding between atoms
Different types of bonds (weak) Hydrogen bonds- involve polar covalent bonds, form when a hydrogen atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom Vander Waals interactions- involve non-polar covalent bonds, occur when an electron accumulation arises by chance

The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical bonding between atoms

Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds

Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds

Chemical reaction- making a breaking of chemical bonds leading to changes in the composition of matter

Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds

Chemical reaction- making a breaking of chemical bonds leading to changes in the composition of matter

6 CO2 + 6 H2O

C6H12O6 + 6O2

Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds

Key concepts
Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds An elements properties depend on the structure of its atoms The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical bonding between atoms Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds