Please read pg 170 - 175

Transport of Materials in Flowering Plants

Chapter 9

Learning Objectives
(a) Identify& explain functions of xylem & phloem vessels (b) Relate the structure to functions of root hairs (c) Explain movement of water between plant cells, and between plant and the environment (water potential) (d) Outline the water transport pathway (e) Define transpiration & explain how it occurs as a consequence of gaseous exchange (f) Describe effects of varying air movement, temperature, humidity and light intensity on transpiration rate (g) Describe how wilting occurs (h) Define translocation as the transport of food in the phloem tissue and illustrate the process through translocation studies (i) Apply the knowledge gained in this session.

Chapter 9

INTRODUCTION

Q1.1 Why do plants need a transport system?

To transport
Water and mineral salts from the roots to the leaves Dissolved food substances (sucrose, amino acids) from leaves to other parts of the plant

Q1.2 How do plants transport food and water?

System of vessels called transport tissue / vascular tissue Types of tissues in T/V tissue xylem and phloem Found in the roots, stem and leaves

Chapter 9

A) WHERE ARE THE XYLEM & PHLOEM VESSELS LOCATED?

HTTP://ACADEMIC.KELLOGG. EDU/HERBRANDSONC/BIO111 /ANIMATIONS/0032.SWF

Xylem and Phloem

Q2. Where are the xylem and phloem located in a dicotyledonous plant stem? pg174
7) Vascular Bundle 1) Epidermis 2) Cortex 3) Phloem 6) Pith 4) Xylem 5) Cambium

Q3. Where are the xylem and phloem located in a dicotyledonous plant root?
6) Root hairs

1)Epidermis 2) Cortex 3) Phloem 4) Xylem 5) Cambium

Chapter 9

A) HOW DO XYLEM & PHLOEM VESSELS LOOK LIKE?

epidermis xylem cortex

Cambium

collenchyma phloem vascular bundle

pith

Q4. What is the xylem made up of?

Consists of dead, long, hollow fine tube-like vessels Thick lignified cellulose walls

Q5. What is the phloem made up of?

Made up of living cells Consists of sieve tubes and companion cells

Q6. Where are the xylem and phloem located in a dicotyledonous plant leaf?

4) Xylem

1) Phloem

3) Midrib

2) Leaf blade

Chapter 9

A) WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE XYLEM & PHLOEM VESSELS?

Q7. What are the 2 functions of the xylem?

Transports water and dissolved mineral salts From roots, through the stem and to the leaves Unidirectional flow of substances Provides mechanical support for plants

Q8. What is the function of the phloem?

Conducts manufactured food (sucrose and amino acids) From leaves to all parts of plant Two-directional flow of substances

Q9. What is the purpose of the companion cell?

Sieve plate

Companion cell
Companion cells contain mitochondria which provides energy for loading sugar from mesophyll to sieve tubes by active transport.

sieve tube
Sieve plates with holes for rapid flow of substances

Sieve plate

Q10. What are the adaptations of the various plant structures?

Structure Xylem Features -Empty lumen -thickened with lignin Phloem -Companion cells -Sieve plates Function Reduce water flow resistance Mechanical support Active transport of sugars Rapid flow of substances

Chapter 9

Q. WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE THE OTHER REGIONS

Q11. What is the function of the ..?

Epidermis
Maintains the shape and protects against bacterial or fungal infection

Cambium
Cambium cells undergo mitotic divisions to produce new cells for growth

Chapter 9

TRANSPORT MECHANISMS IN FLOWERING PLANTS

Q12. What are the mechanisms involved in the movement of water and mineral salts in a plant?
7) Transpiration

6) Transpiration pull 5) Root pressure 4) Capillary action 1) Osmosis 2) Active transport 3) Diffusion

Chapter 9

C. MOVEMENT OF WATER

C) Movement of water and mineral salts from soil into root hair cell

Q13. How is the root hair cell adapted for uptake of water?

Long and narrow projections

Increase surface area for water uptake

 Cell surface membrane

Prevents cell sap from leaking out

Cell sap in vacuole

B) What are the adaptations of the root hair cell? Pg 180

Structure Root hair cells (which makes up the piliferous layer) Features -tubular -elongated & narrow (Increase surface area: volume ratio) -cell surface membrane Function Maximum absorption of water and mineral salts

Q14. How do plants overcome gravity in the transport of materials up the stem?

Root pressure / Guttation Capillary action / Capillarity Transpiration pull / stream

Learning Objectives
(a) Identify& explain functions of xylem & phloem vessels (b) Relate the structure to functions of root hairs (c) Explain movement of water between plant cells, and between plant and the environment (water potential) (d) Outline the water transport pathway (e) Define transpiration & explain how it occurs as a consequence of gaseous exchange (f) Describe effects of varying air movement, temperature, humidity and light intensity on transpiration rate (g) Describe how wilting occurs (h) Define translocation as the transport of food in the phloem tissue and illustrate the process through translocation studies (i) Apply the knowledge gained in this session.

Chapter 9

D. DETAILS OF WATER TRANSPORT PATHWAY

D. Q15. What is root pressure?

Pressure of water exerted in the xylem vessel

Q 16. What causes root pressure?

Mineral ions are actively transported to the xylem Decrease in water potential in the xylem vessel Thus more water is drawn into the xylem vessel Water pressure in the root rises Root pressure pushes water and dissolved mineral ions up the xylem

Properties of water
Adhesion of the water for the glass allows the water to move up the wall of the cylinder just a little above the level of the water in the center of the cylinder Cohesion of water molecules cause the gradual curve observed

 The water is adhering to the beads, but cohesion keeps a strand of water between the beads. As the gap widens, the strand of water gets narrower until it eventually breaks because cohesion of the water is not strong enough to pull the water together over wide distances This is essentially why water moves up farther into smaller capillary tubes. There is less mass of water in a small capillary and the cohesion of water can hold a longer water column

Q 17. What is capillary action?

Strong cohesive force between water molecules in a fine xylem vessel Strong adhesion of water to the xylem vessel walls Allows a thin column of water to be pulled up without breaking
H H H

O
H H

O
H

C lu n f water lecules

Q 18. What is transpiration pull?

A suction force exerted as a result of transpiration Causes a long, thin and continuous column of water to be pulled from the roots to the top of a tallest tree

Learning Objectives
(a) Identify& explain functions of xylem & phloem vessels (b) Relate the structure to functions of root hairs (c) Explain movement of water between plant cells, and between plant and the environment (water potential) (d) Outline the water transport pathway (e) Define transpiration & explain how it occurs as a consequence of gaseous exchange (f) Describe effects of varying air movement, temperature, humidity and light intensity on transpiration rate (g) Describe how wilting occurs (h) Define translocation as the transport of food in the phloem tissue and illustrate the process through translocation studies (i) Apply the knowledge gained in this session.

Chapter 9

E. TRANSPIRATION

Q 19. What is transpiration?

Loss of water vapour from the aerial parts of a plant, especially through the stomata of the leaves

Q 20. Why is transpiration important?

y Facilitates the lifting of water and mineral salts from roots to leaves y Cool the plant; prevent scorching y How do leaves control the rate of transpiration?
Cuticle Stomata

Chapter 9

F. FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSPIRATION

Q 21. What is a potometer?

An instrument used to measure the rate of transpiration under different experimental conditions

Air bubble

Assumption Rate of water lost to surroundings = Rate of water absorbed

Q 22. Think about this

Which condition would result in the higher rate of transpiration: light or dark?

Q 23. Think about this

Which condition would result in the higher rate of transpiration: humid environment or dry environment?

Q 24. Think about this

Which condition would result in the higher rate of transpiration: breezy conditions or still air?

Q 25. Think about this

Which condition would result in the higher rate of transpiration: hot environment or warm environment?

Q 26. Think about this

How do plants that live in very dry and hot habitats minimise water loss?

Q 27. What are the factors that affect transpiration?

Temperature Humidity Light intensity Wind Structure and surface area of leaf Size of stomata pore

Chapter 9

G. HOW DOES WILTING OCCUR?

Q 28. What do you think has happened to the plants below?

Q 29. What is wilting?

When rate of water loss from the leaves exceeds the rate of water replacement, leaf cells lose turgor Cells become flaccid and plant wilts

Transpiratio n

Definition

Importanc e Factors that affect transpiration

Transpiration
has Importance affected by Factors in excess causes Wilting

Transpiration pull draws water & mineral salts from roots to the stems & leaves. Evaporation of water from the cells in the leaves removes latent heat of vaporization and cools the plant. Water transported to the leaves can be used to: - in the photosynthesis; - to keep cells turgid - to replace water lost by the cell Turgid cells keep the leaves spread out widely to trap sunlight for photosynthesis.

Humidity of air Wind or air movement Temperature of air Light

Advantages When the leaf folds up, the surface area that is exposed to sunlight is reduced, causing the guard cells to become flaccid.

Disadvantages Amount of carbon dioxide entering is reduced. Carbon dioxide becomes a limiting factor, rate of photosynthesis.

The rate of photosynthesis is The stomata also reduced close and the rate because water of transpiration becomes a limiting is decreased. factor.
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Chapter 9

H. TRANSLOCATION & INVESTIGATION STUDIES

Q30. What is Translocation?

The transport of manufactured food substances such as sugar and amino acids in plants.

Translocation Studies:
Aphids Ringing Isotopes Carbon-14 (14C) radio active isotope can be detected by X-ray. A leaf is provided with radioactive carbon dioxide (14CO2) The plant is allowed to photosynthesize. The Carbon-14 isotope would be incorporated in the sugars formed. After a few days, the stem/leaf is cut and a section of it exposed onto an X-ray photographic film to observe for presence of radioactive substances. Aphids feed on 3 twigs are used. plant juices Proboscis (long mouth par) of aphid penetrated leaf or stem. Aphid is anaesthetised while feeding, body Complete ring of bark is removed cut off leaving the (phloem and cambium parts) proboscis in plant from main stem of 2 twigs only tissues. leaving the xylem exposed at Liquid exuded from different position of the stem. the cut end of The exposed region of the first proboscis is then twig is submerged in water while analyzed. the other is above the water level. The third twig which is unringed acts as a control. The setup is then observed daily for occurrences of roots/swellings for the next few days.

Learning Objectives
(a) Identify& explain functions of xylem & phloem vessels (b) Relate the structure to functions of root hairs (c) Explain movement of water between plant cells, and between plant and the environment (water potential) (d) Outline the water transport pathway (e) Define transpiration & explain how it occurs as a consequence of gaseous exchange (f) Describe effects of varying air movement, temperature, humidity and light intensity on transpiration rate (g) Describe how wilting occurs (h) Define translocation as the transport of food in the phloem tissue and illustrate the process through translocation studies (i) Apply the knowledge gained in this session.

1. Phloem translocates sucrose and amino acids from leaves to other parts of the plant, including the roots. 4. Xylem conducts water and mineral salts upwards, from roots to leaves. Thick lignified walls prevent collapse of xylem vessels.

Key: path of water path of water vapour

5. In the leaves, Water movement by osmosis to the cells adjacent to air spaces. Water evaporates from surface of mesophyll cells into the intercellular air space.
6. Water vapour diffuses out of leaf through stomata i.e. Transpiration

Transport of Materials in Flowering Plants

3. Water flows across cortex down a water potential gradient across root section. 3

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2. The sap in the root hair cell has lower water potential than the soil solution.Water enters the root hair by osmosis and dissolved mineral salts by active transport. 64

Section of Leaf phloem

Phloem translocates sucrose and amino acids from leaves to other parts of the plant, including the roots. Section of Root

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Key: path of water

Section of Leaf phloem

Phloem translocates sucrose and amino acids from leaves to other parts of the plant, including the roots. Section of Root The sap in the root hair cell has lower water potential than the soil solution. Water enters the root hair by osmosis and dissolved mineral salts by active transport.
Copyright 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.
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Key: path of water

Section of Leaf phloem

Phloem translocates sucrose and amino acids from leaves to other parts of the plant, including the roots. Section of Root Water flows across cortex down a water potential gradient. The sap in the root hair cell has lower water potential than the soil solution. Water enters the root hair by osmosis and dissolved mineral salts by active transport.
17 August 2011

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Key: path of water

Section of Leaf xylem vessels phloem

Xylem conducts water and mineral salts upwards, from roots to leaves.

Phloem translocates sucrose and amino acids from leaves to other parts of the plant, including the roots. Section of Root Water flows across cortex down a water potential gradient. The sap in the root hair cell has lower water potential than the soil solution. Water enters the root hair by osmosis and dissolved mineral salts by active transport.
17 August 2011

Thick lignified walls prevent collapse of xylem vessels.

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Key: path of water

water movement by osmosis

intercellular air space xylem vessels phloem

Section of Leaf Water evaporates from surface of mesophyll cells into the intercellular air space. Phloem translocates sucrose and amino acids from leaves to other parts of the plant, including the roots. Section of Root Water flows across cortex down a water potential gradient. The sap in the root hair cell has lower water potential than the soil solution. Water enters the root hair by osmosis and dissolved mineral salts by active transport.
17 August 2011

Xylem conducts water and mineral salts upwards, from roots to leaves.

Thick lignified walls prevent collapse of xylem vessels.

Copyright 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.

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Key: path of water

water movement by osmosis

intercellular air space xylem vessels phloem

Section of Leaf Water evaporates from surface of mesophyll cells into the intercellular air space. stoma Phloem translocates sucrose and amino acids from leaves to other parts of the plant, including the roots. Section of Root Water flows across cortex down a water potential gradient. The sap in the root hair cell has lower water potential than the soil solution. Water enters the root hair by osmosis and dissolved mineral salts by active transport.
17 August 2011

Xylem conducts water and mineral salts upwards, from roots to leaves.

Water vapour diffuses out of leaf through stomata

Thick lignified walls prevent collapse of xylem vessels.

Copyright 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.

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Key: path of water

water movement by osmosis

intercellular air space xylem vessels phloem

Section of Leaf Water evaporates from surface of mesophyll cells into the intercellular air space. stoma Phloem translocates sucrose and amino acids from leaves to other parts of the plant, including the roots. Section of Root
cools the plant

Xylem conducts water and mineral salts upwards, from roots to leaves.

Water vapour diffuses out of leaf through stomata Transpiration

creates transpirational pull excessive transpiration causes wilting

Thick lignified walls prevent collapse of xylem vessels.

Water flows across cortex down a water potential gradient.

Copyright 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.

The sap in the root hair cell has lower water potential than the soil solution. Water enters the root hair by osmosis and dissolved mineral salts by active transport. 17 August 2011 71