Carnegie Mellon Univ. Dept.

of Computer Science 15-415 - Database Applications

C. Faloutsos OO and OR DBMSs

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General Overview - rel. model

Relational model - SQL Functional Dependencies & Normalization Physical Design; Indexing Query optimization Transaction processing Advanced topics
Distributed Databases OO- and OR-DBMSs
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Detailed outline
OO DBMSs OR DBMS
complex data types inheritance UDFs

ORACLE-specific extensions Conclusions

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Why more than RDBMSs?

RDBMS: tuples, of numbers + strings What apps need only those?

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Why more than RDBMSs?

RDBMS: tuples, of numbers + strings What apps need only those?
Banks Airlines Retailer stores ...

Q: Other apps, with more reqs?

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Why more than RDBMSs

Q: Other apps, with more reqs? A:
text multimedia; financial apps/forecasting Geographic Inf. Sys. CAD/CAM Network management
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Their specs?
complex objects (sets/vectors) inheritance new data types (image, video, ...) and user defined functions (UDFs)

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Two solutions:
Object Oriented DBMSs Object Relational DBMSs

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OO DBMS
roughly, C++ with persistence commercial systems:
O2; ObjectStore; Objectivity

ODMG: defined standards BUT: OODBMS have small market share Hence: OR-DBMSs
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OR DBMSs
traditional DBMS with attempts to provide user defined data types support for large / complex objects inheritance

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SQL-3 proposed extensions

complex types (sets, lists, multisets) inheritance (IS-A hierarchies) User Defined Functions (UDFs)

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Complex types
eg, create type MyDate ( day decimal(2), month char(3), year decimal (4) );
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Complex types
eg, Row Types: create row type Doc ( callnum varchar2(10), title char(20), authors list (varchar2(20)) ); create table document of type Doc;
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Complex types
DML - insertions: insert into document values (QA123.45, DB systems, set(Smith, Johnson) );

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Inheritance
single inheritance: create type Person ( ssn varchar2(10), name char(20)); create type Student (major varchar2(5)) under Person;
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Inheritance
multiple inheritance: create type Teacher ( salary integer) under Person; create type TA under Student, Teacher;

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Inheritance
multiple inheritance: constraints: one TA record corresponds to exactly one Teacher and Student record insertions/deletions/updates: appropriately propagated.
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Object Ids and references

can define object ids for each object, and use them, effectively as pointers.

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Query language extensions

find titles, (co-)authored by Smith

(recall:) create row type Doc ( callnum varchar2(10), title char(20), authors list (varchar2(20)) ); create table document of type Doc;
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Query language extensions

select title from document where Smith in authors;

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SQL-3 proposed extensions overview

complex types (sets, lists, multisets) inheritance (IS-A hierarchies) User Defined Functions (UDFs)

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UDFs
create function author-count (adoc document) returns integer as select count (authors) from adoc; select title from document d where author-count(d) > 1
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UDFs
UDFs: stay within the DBMS, for everybody to use!

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Detailed outline
OO DBMSs OR DBMS
complex data types inheritance UDFs

ORACLE-specific extensions Conclusions

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ORACLE-specific
Large objects PL/SQL and UDFs

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ORACLE-specific
Large objects, eg., video, images, 3d-MRI scans new data types:

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ORACLE-specific
Large objects, eg., video, images, 3d-MRI scans new data types: LOB (=Large OBject)
BLOB: (up to 4Gb; binary: jpeg, mpeg, ...) CLOB: (up to 2Gb; character: english text) NCLOB:(..............; multi-byte characters) (LONG: similar, for backwards compatibility)
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ORACLE-specific
stored procedures PL/SQL: a C-like language
too large to describe here (see book on reserve) example of a stored procedure:

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ORACLE-specific
SQL> create or replace procedure del-st-rec (s-id number) as begin delete from student where s-id = ssn; end del-st-rec; SQL> execute del-st-rec ( 123 );
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Detailed outline
OO DBMSs OR DBMS
complex data types inheritance UDFs

ORACLE-specific extensions Conclusions

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Conclusions
OO and OR DBMS strive for
complex data types inheritance UDFs

OR DBMSs: overwhelming market share (why?)

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Conclusions
OR DBMSs: overwhelming market share (why?)
SQL is more standardized than OO query languages legacy data are in SQL more SQL programmers are available

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