MARINE ECOSYSTEMS

Manolo Baca Antonella Sandino Melisa Valle Mara Alejandra Castro

TEMPERATURE VARIATION
Temperature of ocean waters decrease with increasing depth. The sun hits the oceans surface layer and heats the water up. The wind mixes the layer up from top to bottom, making the heat go downward. Water in the polar seas can be as cold as -2 degrees Celsius. The Persian Gulf can be as warm as 36 degrees Celsius. Polar seas have low latitude Persian Gulf has high latitude.

VARIATIONS IN SALINITY

The oceans salinity varies depending on:

the depth and y the shore.
y

As closer to the shore, the saltier the water is. Since the waves and the tide bring and take water, they mix it up and the shore is the saltiest part of the ocean. The whole ocean has salt The surface of the ocean is the layer that has more salinity. There is a lot of evaporation on the surface of the ocean, so the depth affects salinity. The deeper the water, there is less evaporation and less salt.

AVAILABILITY OF SALT

Visible radiation, or light, from the sun is important to the world's ocean systems. It provides the energy necessary for ocean currents and wind-driven waves. Conversion of some of that energy into heat helps form the thin layer of warm water near the ocean's surface that supports the majority of marine life. The transmission of light in sea water is essential to the productivity of the oceans. The suns rays penetrate the surface layer of the ocean to give the energy necessary for the photosynthetic living organisms. Below a depth of 660 feet (200 meters) not enough energy penetrates to allow photosynthesis to occur. In open oceans, there is more sunlight and in the coastal, there is less because of the sand and nutrients blocking it.

DEAD ZONES

Definition: An area in which there is no oxygen

HOW THEY FORM

Northly winds and the Earths rotation combine and form nutrient rich but oxygen poor water

Microscopic plants called phytoplankton bloom with the help if sunlight, then they decompose and this process takes up the little oxygen there is.

Then bacteria decompose and this process takes up the little oxygen there is.

FORMATION
El Nio

La Nia

It is a cyclical climate phenomenon that wreaks havoc worldwide, the most affected South America and the areas between Indonesia and Australia, thus causing the warming of the South American waters

It develops when the positive phase of the Southern Oscillation, reached significant levels and lasts for several months.

DEVELOPMENT
El Nio

La Nia

The phenomenon began in the tropical Pacific Ocean near Australia and Indonesia, thereby altering the atmospheric pressure in widely separated areas

This phenomenon occurs when the positive phase of the Southern Oscillation, reached significant levels and lasts for several months

EL NIO
There are changes in direction and speed of the winds, as well as the displacement of the areas rain in the tropics. During the El Nio, trade winds weaken or cease to blow, with a high temperature marine Current moves to Peru, which is relatively cool and minimum sea temperature is shifted to Southeast Asia. This causes increased air pressure in Southeast Asia and South America decreased. All this change occurs at an interval of approximately six months from June to November.

LA NIA
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Decrease sea level pressure in the Oceania region, and increase it in the tropical and subtropical Pacific causing an increase in the difference pressure between both ends of the equatorial Pacific. The unusually strong trade winds, have a greater effect of pulling the surface ocean, increasing sea level difference between both ends of the equatorial Pacific This lowers sea level along the coast of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and northern Chile and increases in Oceania. The warm waters in the equatorial Pacific, are concentrated in the Pacific region and is near to this region, which is developed cloudiness and precipitation most intense. The sea surface temperature falls below the climatological value

CONSEQUENCES
El Nio

La Nia

Change in atmospheric Opposite to El Nio circulation. Global warming and rising temperatures in coastal waters during the last decades. There are species that do not survive the temperature change and die, causing economic losses arise in primary diseases such as cholera, which transform into epidemics sometimes very difficult to eradicate.

EL NIO
Consequences for Southeast Asia Consequences of El Nio in South America

Scarce rains. Cooling of the ocean. Low cloud formation. Very dry periods. High atmospheric pressure.

Heavy rains. Heating of the Humboldt Current and the Peru Current. Fishing losses . Intense cloud formation. Very wet periods. Low atmospheric pressure

LA NIA
In the tropics, the variations are radically opposed to those caused by El Nio. In the Americas, air temperatures of the winter season, become warmer than normal in the Southeast and colder than normal in Northeast. In South America, drier conditions prevail and cooler than normal over Ecuador and Peru, and wetter conditions than normal in the Northeast of Brazil. In Central America, are relatively more humid conditions normal, mainly on coastal areas of the Caribbean Sea. In Mexico, causing heavy rains in central and southern regions, droughts and rains in northern Mexico, and winters with a marked absence of rain.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://www.piscoweb.org/research/science-bydiscipline/coastal-oceanography/hypoxia/pacificnorthwest-dead-zone http://www.elclima.com.mx/fenomeno_la_nina.htm http://www.elclima.com.mx/fenomeno_el_nino.htm