PN FAZLIN ZAINI 2011

Developmental origin of muscles

y The skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles are derived

from mesoderm.

Unique terminology for the muscle cells

y Sarcolemma: cell membrane. y Sarcoplasm: cytoplasm. y Sarcoplasmic reticulum: smooth endoplasmic

reticulum. y Muscle fibers: muscle cells.

Classification of muscle tissue

Muscle tissue

Skeletal muscle

Cardiac muscle

Smooth muscle

SKELETAL MUSCLE

CARDIAC MUSCLE

SMOOTH MUSCLE

1. SKELETAL MUSCLE
DEVELOPMENT y Origin: Mesoderm. y Mesenchymal tissue - loosely arranged embryonic tissue derived from mesoderm. y Mesenchymal cells differentiate into myoblasts. y These myoblasts fuse with one another forming the long multinucleated cells known as myotubes. y The newly formed myotubes produce the cytoplasmic components and myofibrils and later form the muscle cells or muscle fibers.

SKELETAL MUSCLE
LOCATION y Usually attached to skeleton. INNERVATION
y IS UNDER VOLUNTARY

CONTROL (SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM).

ORGANIZATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE

y Connective tissue investment consists of:
y Epimysium y Perimysium y Endomysium

y Functions of connective tissue investment:

y To separate muscle into compartments. y To transmit the force of muscle contraction to muscle

attachments. y To convey blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves to the muscle cells.

ORGANIZATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE

y Epimysium y A dense irregular collagenous connective tissue that surrounds the ENTIRE MUSCLE. y It blends with the muscle attachments. y Perimysium y A loose collagenous connective tissue derived from epimysium, surrounds the individual BUNDLE or FASCICLE of muscle fibers. y Endomysium y Composed of reticular fibers and an external lamina. Surrounds the individual MUSCLE CELL or MUSCLE FIBER.

ORGANIZATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE

y Epimysium

Surrounds the ENTIRE MUSCLE. y Perimysium y Surrounds the individual BUNDLE or FASCICLE of muscle fibers. y Endomysium y Surrounds the individual MUSCLE CELL or MUSCLE FIBER.
y

F = Fascicle

PERIMYSIUM

ENDOMYSIUM

E P I M Y S I U M

MICROSCOPIC OR HISTOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS

y Long and unbranched cylindrical cells, length is between 1-30 mm. y Multinucleated with peripherally located flatten nuclei just beneath the sarcolemma. y Presence of crossstriations of alternating dark and light bands.

SKELETAL MUSCLES

Longitudinal section

Cross section

COMPONENTS OF A SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBER

y MYOFIBRILS are main component of the sarcoplasm.
y Long cylindrical filamentous bundles oriented parallel to

each other and to the long axis of the muscle fiber. y Made up of contractile proteins or myofilaments. y Has prominent cross-striations which is due to arrangement of the contractile proteins or myofilaments known as actin (thin myofilaments) and myosin (thick myofilament).

y Each myofibril consists of myofilaments

Cross-striations of the myofibrils

y I band/ Isotropic band
y LIght band, contains thin myofilaments (ACTIN).

y A band/ Anisotropic band

y DArk band, contains both thick myofilaments (MYOSIN)

and thin myofilaments (ACTIN).

Cross-striations of the myofibrils

y Z line
y Bisects the I band, serves as the attachment site for thin

myofilaments (actin). y H band y A pale area in the center of A band, represents the area where thin myofilaments are not present. y M line y Bisects the H band, where thick myofilaments (myosin) are interconnected.

Sacromere
y Contractile unit of skeletal muscle fibers. y It extends from one Z line to the next Z line. y About 2.5 m long in resting muscle. y Resting sacromere consists of partially overlapping thin

myofilaments (actin) and thick myofilaments (myosin). y Shortening of the sacromere during contraction is NOT due to a shortening of the myofilaments, but it is due to an increase in the amount of overlap between the myofilaments.
Z line

Alterations in sacromere during contraction

y Sacromeres (S) shorten as
H Z line Z line

the thin myofilaments (actin) slide past the thick myofilaments (myosin). y Z line interval narrows. y Width of the I and H bands decreases.
y Width of A band (dark

A Z line H Z line

band) remains unchanged.

A

T tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum

Two tubular systems: y T tubules (transverse tubules)
y tubular invaginations of

the sarcolemma that extend transversely into the muscle cell to surround each myofibril at the junction of the A and I bands.

y Terminal cisternae y Expanded ends of the sarcoplasmic reticulum at the junction of the A and I bands.

T tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum

y TRIAD OF THE SKELETAL MUSCLE y One T tubule between two terminal cisternae

T tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum

y Function of T tubule- facilitates the conduction of

waves of depolarization along sarcolemma.

y Function of sarcoplasmic reticulum- regulates muscle

contraction through controlled sequestering(leading to relaxation) and release (leading to contraction) of calcium ion (Ca2+) within sarcoplasm.

Contraction of skeletal muscle

y Calcium ions are released into sarcoplasm,

y y y

bind to TnC subunit of troponin; causes the shifting of the tropomyosin into deeper position; exposing the myosin-binding site on the actin. The myosin head binds to actin and ATP breaks down into ADP, producing energy that causes the movement of myosin head. Movement of the myosin head pulls the actin past the myosin. Interaction of actin and myosin by sliding filament produce contraction. Contraction results in shortening of the length of muscle fibers and the whole muscle tissue.

Contraction of skeletal muscle

Ca2+ bind to TnC subunit of troponin Ener y causes the ovement of the myosin head

Movement of the myosin head pulls the actin past the myosin.
Interaction of actin and myosin by slidin filament produce contraction

Causes shiftin of tropo yosin into deeper position

Ener y is released fro the TP break do n

Exposes the yosin-bindin site on the actin

Myosin head binds to the actin

Shortenin of the len th of muscle fibers and the hole muscle tissue.

REGENERATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE

y Skeletal muscles do not have the capability of

mitotic activity. y Presence of stem cells known as satellite cells which may undergo mitosis subsequent to muscle injury.
y Skeletal muscle can undergo hypertrophy (increase

the size of the cells) by increasing the number of myofibrils.

2. CARDIAC MUSCLE myocardium

LOCATION y In the heart. INNERVATION y IS UNDER INVOLUNTARY CONTROL (AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM).

ARRANGEMENT OF CARDIAC MUSCLE

y Branching cardiac muscle

cells are arranged in layers known as laminae. y Laminae are separated form one another by slender connective tissue sheets that convey blood vessels, nerves, and conducting system of the heart.

MICROSCOPIC OR HISTOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF CARDIAC MUSCLE FIBERS

y Shorter than skeletal

muscles, cylindrical BRANCHING CELLS, length is between 85-100 m. y SINGLE, oval, centrally placed nucleus, two nuclei occasionaly present. y CROSS STRIATIONS. y INTERCALATED DISKS higly specialized end to end junctions or intercellular junctions, unique and most distinguish characteristic.

CARDIAC MUSCLE

Longitudinal section

CARDIAC MUSCLE

Longitudinal section

COMPONENTS OF A CARDIAC MUSCLE

y Structure and function of the contractile proteins in

cardiac muscle are almost same as in skeletal muscle, however there are some differences.
y DYADS: ONE T-TUBULE AND ONE SACROPLASMIC

RETICULUM TERMINAL CISTERN located near to Z line.

Intercalated disks
3 types of junctions y Fascia adherens similar to Z line, site for thin myofilaments (actin) attachments. y Desmosome binds cardiac cells together. y Gap junction permits rapid flow of signal from one cell to the next cell.

CARDIAC MUSCLE intercalated disks (D)

Longitudinal section

Regeneration of cardiac muscle?

y Cardiac muscle y These cells DO NOT have the capability of MITOTIC ACTIVITY therefore INCAPABLE OF REGENERATION. y Following damage, fibroblasts invade the damaged area, form fibrous connective tissue (scar tissue).

3. SMOOTH MUSCLE visceral muscle

LOCATIONS y Walls of hollow viscera eg: gastrointestinal tract, some of reproductive tract, urinary tract. y Walls of blood vessels. y Larger duct of compound glands. y Respiratory passages. y Small bundles within dermis of skin. INNERVATION y IS UNDER INVOLUNTARY CONTROL (AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM).

Gastrointestinal tract

ARROWS showing the smooth muscles

Respiratory passages

Blood vessel

ARRANGEMENT OF SMOOTH MUSCLE

y Their cells are arranged in the form of continuous

network, their tapered ends fit into existing spaces between the expanded parts of adjacent smooth muscle cells (interdigitation).

ARRANGEMENT OF SMOOTH MUSCLE

y Smooth muscle cells usually

form sheets of various thickness. y Usually in two layers perpendicular to each other. y inner circular y outer longitudinal
y to permit wave of peristalsis

e.g digestive and urinary systems.

CONNECTIVE TISSUE COVERING OF SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBER

y Each smooth muscle is surrounded by external lamina. y Embedded in external lamina are numerous reticular

fibers. y They serve to combine the force generated by each smooth muscle fiber into a concerted action eg, peristalsis in the intestine.

MICROSCOPIC OR HISTOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBERS

y Shorter than skeletal muscle, length is between 20 -500 m. y Unbranched fusiform or spindle-shaped cells with tapering ends. y Single, centrally placed oval nucleus at the widest part of the cell, the nucleus can appear spiraled shaped when the fiber is contracted. y No striations.

SMOOTH MUSCLES

Longitudinal section Cross section

COMPONENTS OF A SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBER y Contractile proteins of

smooth muscle are not arranged longitudinally in myofibrils as in skeletal and cardiac muscles.
y Clumps of contractile

proteins or myofilaments arranged in criss-crossed pattern no striation.

y Dense bodies anchor contractile proteins to the sarcolemma and hold them within sarcoplasm. y No T tubules, presence of caveolae (invaginations of sarcolemma) act as Ttubules, function in release and sequestering of calcium ions.

TWO TYPES OF SMOOTH MUSCLE

y MULTIUNIT SMOOTH MUSCLE y UNITARY SMOOTH MUSCLE (SINGLE-UNIT,

VASCULAR)

Multiunit smooth muscle

y Phasic smooth muscle y Each muscle cell has its own nerve supply, therefore

they can contract independently of one another.

y Iris of the eye and vas deferens.

Unitary or single-unit smooth muscles

y Tonic smooth muscle y Cell membrane form GAP JUNCTIONS with those of

adjacent smooth muscle cells. y Nerve fibers supply a few of the muscle fibers. y Therefore they cannot contract independently of one another. y Most of smooth muscle in wall of hollow viscera eg intestine, ureter, fallopian tube cells are arranged in sheets with circular or longitudinal arrangement.

Contraction of smooth muscle

y Calcium ions are released into

sarcoplasm and bind to calmodulin (calcium binding protein) and form calcium-calmodulin complex. y This complex activates myosin light-chain kinase enzyme, which phosphorylates myosin, permits it to bind to actin. y Interaction of actin and myosin by sliding filament produce contraction. y Contraction results in shortening of the cell from elongated to a globular shaped.

Contraction of smooth muscle

Ca2+
Calmodulin Calcium-calmodulin complex

Phosphorylation of myosin

Activation of myosin light-chain kinase

Interaction of actin and myosin

Muscle contraction

REGENERATION OF SMOOTH MUSCLE

y Smooth muscle y These cells have the capability of mitotic activity.

y They also can undergo hyperplasia and hypertrophy (eg;

pregnant uterus).

END?

QUIZ
y Identify this

structure as a whole. y State the histological characteristic features of this structure.

QUIZ
y Identify this

structure as a whole. y State the histological characteristic features of this structure.

QUIZ

y Identify this structure as a whole. y State the histological characteristic features of this

structure.

COMPARISON OF THREE TYPES OF MUSCLE

Feature Cell shape Nuclei: Number Shape Location Striations Regeneration Type of control Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

COMPARISON OF THREE TYPES OF MUSCLE

Feature Cell shape Skeletal Cardiac Smooth Fusiform or Spindle shaped with tapering ends One Oval Center Absent Yes Involuntary

Elongated and Cylinder and cylinder shaped branching pattern

Nuclei: Number Shape Location Striations Multinucleated Flat Periphery Present One (or two) Oval Center Present

Regeneration Yes, via satellite No cells Type of control Voluntary Involuntary