COURSE CODE: MECH-405 Lecturer : Er. Mahendra Kumar Patil Dept.

of ECE, MMEC, MMU, Mullana Lecture - 1

Text books:  Microprocessors:

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Ray and Bhurchandi Advance Microprocessors TMH D. Hall Microprocessor and Interfacing TMH
 Microcontrollers:

K. J. Ayala The 8051 Microcontroller architecture, programming and Applications, Thomson publishers, 2005
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Reference book :
R. Gaonkar microprocessor architecture, programming, and Applications with the 8085, PRI publication, fifth edit.

Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

A Computer is a programmable machine. It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner. It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program ). The actual machinery wires, transistors, and circuits is called hardware. The instructions and data are called software.

Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

Microcomputer: The term microcomputer is generally synonymous with personal computer, or a computer that depends on a microprocessor. Microcomputers are designed to be used by individuals, whether in the form of PCs, workstations, laptops or notebook computers. A microcomputer contains a CPU on a microchip (the microprocessor), a memory system (typically ROM and RAM), a bus system and I/O ports, typically housed in a motherboard.
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DATA BUS CONTROL BUS I/O ports output CPU CONTROL BUS Memory RAM/ROM

Input

ADDRESS BUS

Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

All general-purpose computers require the following hardware components: Memory: Enables a computer to store, at least temporarily, data and programs. Mass storage device : Allows a computer to permanently retain large amounts of data. Common mass storage devices include disk drives and tape drives. Input device: Usually a keyboard and mouse are the input device through which data and instructions enter a computer.
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Output device: A display screen, printer, or other device that lets you see what the computer has accomplished. Central processing unit (CPU): The heart of the computer, this is the component that actually executes instructions. In addition to these components, many others make it possible for the basic components to work together efficiently. For example, every computer requires a bus that transmits data from one part of the computer to another.
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Address bus :

28

In general 16, 20, 24 or 32 bit parallel signal line. CPU sends out the address of the memory location that to be written or read from. If N address line = 2 N memory locations Ex. If a P have 8 address line then No. of memory address = 28 = 256 locations.

Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

Data Bus :
Consist 8, 16, 32, 64 parallel signal lines. Bidirectional signal lines. Any device connected by the data bus must have three state output so that output can be disable when it is not being used to put data on the bus.

Control Bus :
4 to 10 parallel signal lines. CPU sends out signal on the control bus to enable the outputs of address memory devices or port devices. memory read/write, I/O read or I/O write.
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Microprocessor
Multipurpose, programmable, clock-driven , register based electronic device, Read binary instruction from storage device called memory, Accept binary data as input and, Process data according to those instructions and produce results as output. sometime it denoted by P.

Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

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Microprocessor applications:
Reprogrammable (General purpose)
o Ex.- microcomputers.

Embedded system (special purpose)

o Not available for programming. o Ex.- copying machine.

Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

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Working of P:
fetch decode execute

Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

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Microcontroller:
A highly integrated chip that contains all the components comprising a controller. Typically this includes a CPU, RAM, some form of ROM, I/O ports, and timers. Unlike a general-purpose computer, which also includes all of these components, a microcontroller is designed for a very specific task - to control a particular system. A microcontroller differs from a microprocessor, which is a general-purpose chip that is used to create a multifunction computer or device and requires multiple chips to handle various tasks.
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It is a single chip Consists Memory, I/o ports

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It is a CPU Memory, I/O Ports to be connected externally.

Micro Controller

Micro Processor
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Instruction : A command in binary (depends upon the language) that is recognized and execute by the computer (P) to accomplish a task.
Ex. MOV A, B

Mnemonics : A combination of letters to suggest the operation of an instruction.

Ex. ADD, MOV etc.

Program : A set of instructions written in a specific sequence for the computer to accomplish a given task.
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Machine Language : The binary medium of communication with a computer, through a designed set of instructions specific to each computer. Assembly Language : A medium of communication with a computer in which programs are written in mnemonics. An assembly language is specific to given computer.

Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

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Low level language : A medium of communication that is machine dependent or specific to a given computer.
o Machine and assembly language are low level languages. o Programs written in these language are not transferable to different types of machines.

 High

level language : A medium of communication that is independent of a given computer.

o Programs are written in English-like words and they can be executed on a machine using a translator. o Ex. - C, C++, java
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 Source

code : A program written either in mnemonics or in statement.

 Compiler

: A program that translate mnemonics or statements in to machine language of a computer. Compiler reads a given program called source code in its entirety and then translates the program into the machine language, which is called object code.

Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

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Interpreter : A program that translate HLL in to machine language. It translate one statement one statement at a time from source code to an object code. Assembler : A computer program that translate a assembly program from mnemonics to the binary machine code of computer.

Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

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Early Computers:
1943 need some methods to calculate trajectories of longrange gun projectiles. Not easy to calculate, air density, temperature, earths rotation effect . First computer : ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer. Built of vacuum tube and relays. Aprox. 30 ton weight, 174 KW power consumption, size 80x80feet , cost - billion dollar

Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

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1953 IBM brought out its first vacuum tube computer model- IBM-701. IBM-650 1950s it was very demanding in Govt., insurance and defense and other industries. 1960-1970 : Mainframe
o Expensive, powerful (for time), Huge size, small army of computer operators. o Far away from average persons.

Texas Instrument (TI) integrated circuits. ResistanceTransistor circuits on a single chip.

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1970s DEC(digital equipments company) launch PDP(programmed data processor).

DEC-PDP 8 (minicomputer)
Minicomputer

oSingle user oLow cost oLess Size oLow maintenance oDo work real time as well as off line

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1971 Intel launched A central processing unit (CPU) 4004 bit P 1972 8008 8 bit P 1974 - 8080 modified version of 8008 8 bit P 8085 1978 - 16 bit P 8086 8088, x86 family of P. Ex. 80286, 80386 etc. Intels Pentium Pentium I, II, III, IV, dual core, core 2duo, quad core, i-3 etc. 32, 64 bit P

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