ANATOMY OF HUMAN SKULL

SUBMITTED BY: VANDANA RANA APGDCR ICRI, DEHRADUN

INTRODUCTION
SKULL:- skeleton of the head Also k/a CRANIUM Two parts:1.Calvaria 2.Facial Skeleton

Cont.
CALVARIA:- also k/a brain box FACIAL SKELETON:and mandible. rest of the skull

BONES OF THE SKULL

Calvaria has 8 bones Two are paired and four are unpaired Paired bones are - 1.Parietal 2.Temporal Unpaired bones are- 1.Frontal 2.Occipital 3.Sphenoid 4.Ethmoid

Cont
Facial Skeleton bones:-there are 14 bones Two are unpaired and six are paired Paired:-1.Maxilla 2.Zygomatic 3.Nasal 4.Lacrimal 5.Palatine 6.Inferior nasal concha Unpaired:-1.Mandible 2.Vomer

SKULL JOINTS
Immovable Exception is TMJ Fibrous k/a SUTURES

DIFFERENT VIEWS OF SKULL

Exterior view:-these are as follows1.Superior or Norma Verticalis 2.Posterior or Norma Occipitalis 3.Anterior or Norma Frontalis 4.Lateral or Norma Lateralis 5.Inferior or Norma Basalis Interior view:-after removing skull cap or calvaria 1.Internal surface of the cranial vault. 2.Internal surface of cranial base

Cont
Internal surface of cranial base can further subdivided into:1.Anterior cranial fossae 2.Middle cranial fossae 3.Posterior cranial fossae

NORMA VERTICALIS
Shape:-oval Bones: 1.upper part of frontal bone anteriorly 2.uppermost part of occipital post 3.a parietal bone on each side Sutures:1.Coronal suture 2.Saggital suture 3.Lambdoid 4.Metopic suture

THANKS

Cont
Some other features are:1.Vertex 2.Vault 3.Bregma 5.Lambda 6.Parietal Eminence 7.Parietal Foramen 8.Obelion 9.Temporal Lines

NORMA OCCIPITALIS
Bones are:1.posterior part of parietal bones above 2.Squamous part of occipital bone below 3.mastoid part of temporal bone on each side Sutures:1.Lambdoid suture 2.Occipitomastoid suture 3.Parietomastoid suture 4.Posterior most part of saggital suture also seen.

Cont
Other features:1.Lambda 2.Parietal Foramina 3.Obelion 4.External Occipital Protuberance 5.Superior Nuchal Lines 6.Highest Nuchal Lines 7.Occipital point 8.Mastoid Foramen 9.Interparietal Bone

NORMA FRONTALIS
Shape:-oval Bones:1.Frontal bone 2.Maxilla-right and left 3.Nasal bone-right and left 4.Zygomatic bone 5.Mandible Norma Frontalis is studied under following headlines:1.Frontal region 2.Orbital opening 3.Ant.bony(piriform) aperture of nose 4.Lower part of face

Cont
Frontal region:1.Supercilliary arch 2.Glabella 3.Nasion 4.Frontal eminence Orbital opening:-bounded by 1.Supra orbital margin 2.Infra orbital margin 3.Lateral orbital margin Piriform aperture of nose:pear shaped.bounded 1.above by lower boarder of nasal bone. 2.below by body of maxilla on each side. Various sutures are:1.Internasal suture 2.Frontonasal suture Lower part of face:1.Maxilla 2.Zygomatic bone 3.Mandible

Cont
Sutures of Norma Frontalis:1.Internasal 2.Frontonasal 3.Nasomaxillary 4.Lacrimomaxillary 5.Frontomaxillary 6.Zygomaticomaxillary 7.Zygomaticofrontal

NORMA LATERALIS
Bones:1.Frontal 2.Occipital 3.Temporal 4.Parietal 5.Sphenoidal 6.Zygomatic 7.Mandible 8.Maxilla 9.Nasal

Cont
Others features:1.Temporal lines 2.Zygomatic arch 3.External Acoustic Meatus 4.Mastoid part of Temporal bone 5.Styloid process 6.Temporal fossa 7.Pterion 8.Infratemporal fossa 9.Pterygopalatine fossa

NORMA BASALIS
Norma Basalis is divided into three parts as follows:1.Anterior-subdivided into
*Hard Palate *Alveolar Arch

2.Middle part 3.Posterior part Middle and posterior parts are seperated by imaginary lines passing through the anterior margin of foramen magnum.

ANTERIOR PART
Alveolar arch bears sockets for the roots of upper teeth. Hard palate:-sutures are as 1.Intermaxillary 2.Interpalatine 3.Palatomaxillary Other features:1.Incisive fossa 2.Greater Palatine Foramen 3.Lesser Palatine Foramen 4.Palatine Crest

MIDDLE PART
Median area shows:1.Posterior boarder of vomer 2.Broad bar of bone formed by fusion of posterior part of body of sphenoid and basilar part of occipital bone. 3.Pharyngeal Tubercle Lateral area shows:1.Two parts of sphenoid bone *Pterygoid process(median and lateral) *Greater wing of sphenoid 2.Three parts of temporal bone *Petrous *Squamous *Tympanic plate

Cont
Infratemporal surface of greater wing of sphenoid is pierced by 1.Foramen Ovale 2.Foramen Spinosum 3.Emissary sphenoidal foramen Inferior surface of pterion is pierced by 1.Carotid Canal 2.Foramen Lacerum Tympanic part of temporal bone has 1.anterior surface which forms posterior wall of mandibular fossa. 2.posterior part forms part of EAM

POSTERIOR PART
Median area has 1.Foramen Magnum 2.Externa Occipital Crest 3.External Occipital Protrubrance Lateral area has 1.Condylar part of occipital bone 2.Squamous part of occipital bone 3.Juglar Foramen 4.Styloid process 5.Mastoid part of temporal bone

INTERIOR VIEW OF SKULL

Internal surface of cranial vault Internal surface of base of the skull

INTERNAL SURFACE OF CRANIAL VAULT

Most of the features have been explained with Norma Verticalis. Few more are:*inner table is thin and brittle. *it presents markings produced by meningeal vessels,venous sinuses. *frontal crest *sagittal sulcus *granular foveolae *cerebral gyri impressions

INTERNAL SURFACE OF BASE OF SKULL

Subdivisions are:1.Anterior Cranial Fossa 2.Middle Cranial Fossa 3.Posterior Cranial Fossa

ANTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA

Boundaries:1.Anteriorly and on sides by Frontal bone. 2.Posteriorly separated from the middle cranial fossa by the free posterior boarder of lesser wing of sphenoid,anterior margin of sulcus chiasmatics. Floor:1.In median plane formed anteriorly by cribriform plate and posteriorly by anterior part of body of sphenoid. 2.On each side floor formed by orbital plate of frontal bone and lesser wing.

Cont
Other features are:1.Cribriform Plate of ethmoid bone. 2.Juglar Sphenoidale 3.Orbital plate of frontal bone 4.Lesser wing of sphenoid

MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA

Boundaries :Anterior by:1.Posterior boarder of lesser wing 2.Anterior Clinoid Process 3.Anterior margin of sulcus chiasmatis Posterior by:1.Superior boarder of petrous temporal bone 2.Dorsum sellae of sphenoid Lateral by:1.Greater wing 2.Anteroinferior angle of parietal 3.Squamous temporal

Cont
Floor :1.median area by body of sphenod. 2.lateral area by *cerebral surface of greater wing *anterior surface of petrous temporal. *cerebral surface of squamous temporal

Cont
Other features :Median area has 1.Sulcus Chiasmatis(optic groove) 2.Optic Canal 3.Sella turcica Lateral area is deep and lodges the temporal lobe of brain.It is related to orbit anteriorly,temporal fossa laterally,infratemporal fossa inferiorly.

Cont
Superior orbital fissure opens anteriorly into orbit. The greater wing of sphenoid has following features:1.Foramen Rotundum 2.Foramen Ovale 3.Foramen Spinosum 4.Emissary Sphenoidal Foramen 5.Foramen Lacerum

POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA

Boundaries are Anterior :1.Superior boarder of petrous temporal bone. 2.Dorsum sellae of sphenoid Posterior:- squamous part of occipital bone. On each sides by:1.Mastoid part of temporal 2.Mastoid angle of parietal

Cont
Floor divided into two areas. Median area:1.Dorsum area in front 2.Foramen magnum in middle 3.Squamous occipit behind Lateral area:1`.Condylar part of occipital bone 2.post surface of petrous temporal 3.Mastoid temporal 4.Mastoid angle of parietal

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