Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Membership in a political community which is personal and more or less permanent in character. Nationality is membership in an ethnic, social, racial and cultural group, while citizenship is membership in a political society.
2)
3) 4)
5)
Those who are citizens of the Philippine Islands at the time of the adoption of this Constitution. Those born in the Philippine Islands of foreign parents who, before the adoption of this Constitution, had been elected to public office in the Philippine Islands. Those whose fathers are citizens of the Philippines. Those whose mothers are citizens of the Philippines and, upon reaching the age of majority, elect Philippine citizenship. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.
Filipino Citizens
e)
Continuation.
f) Children of persons embraced under (e), unless they had lost their citizenship by May 14, 1935. i) Foreign women who married Filipino citizens on or before May 14, 1935, provided that they themselves could be lawfully naturalized, provided further that they had not lost Philippine citizenship by May 14, 1935 and provided finally that their Filipino citizenship had been so declared by judgment of a court of justice in the proper naturalization or citizenship proceedings. All other persons born in the Philippines who, on the strength of the erroneous recognition of the jus soli doctrine, were mistakenly declared by the courts to be Filipino citizens, unless they had lost their citizenship by May 14, 1935.
g) Filipino women who, after having lost Philippine citizenship by marriage to foreigners, had subsequently become widows and regained Philippine citizenship on or before May 14, 1935. h) Children of (g), above, who were still under 21 years of age at the time their mothers regained Philippine citizenship.
j)
Comparison
1935 Constitution
1)
2)
3) 4)
5)
Those who are citizens of the Philippine Islands at the time of the adoption of this Constitution. Those born in the Philippine Islands of foreign parents who, before the adoption of this Constitution, had been elected to public office in the Philippine Islands. Those whose fathers are citizens of the Philippines. Those whose mothers are citizens of the Philippines and, upon reaching the age of majority, elect Philippine citizenship. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.
2) 3)
Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines. Those who elect Philippine citizenship pursuant to the provisions of the Constitution of 1935. (Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority) Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.
4)
Provisions on Marriage
under the 1973 and 1987 Constitution
1973 Section 2, Article IV: A female citizen of the Philippines who marries an alien shall retain her Philippine citizenship, unless by her act or omission she is deemed, under the law, to have renounced her citizenship
1987 Section 4, Article IV: Citizens of the Philippines who marry aliens shall retain their citizenship, unless by their act of omission they are deemed, under the law, to have renounced it.
Natural-born Citizen
1973 Constitution
1987 Constitution Sec. 2, Art. IV: Natural-born citizens are those who are citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship. Those who elect Philippine citizenship in accordance with paragraph (3), Section 1 hereof shall be deemed natural-born citizens.
Sec. 4, Art. IV: A natural-born citizen is one who is a citizen of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect his Philippine citizenship.
BY BIRTH
BY NATURALIZATION The act of formally adopting a foreigner into the political body of a nation by clothing him or her with privileges of a citizen.
Judicial Naturalization (Commonwealth Act No. 473, as amended by Republic Act No. 530) Administrative Naturalization (Administrative Naturalization under Republic Act No. 9139) Legislative Naturalization by Congressional Act.
qualifications
c) good moral character; believes in the principles underlying the Philippine Constitution; must have conducted himself in a proper and irreproachable manner during the entire period of his residence in the Philippines in his relations with the constituted government as well as the community in which he is living; d) own real estate in the Philippines worth not less than P5,000.00, or, must have some known lucrative trade, profession or lawful occupation; e) speak and write English or Spanish and any of the principal Philippine languages; f) Enrolled his minor children of school age in any of the public or private schools recognized by the Government where Philippine history, government and civics are taught as part of the school curriculum, during the entire period of residence in the Philippines required of him prior to the hearing of his petition for naturalization.
DISQUALIFICATIONS:
Those who are opposed to organized government affiliated with any association or group of persons who uphold and teach doctrines opposing all organized governments; Defending or teaching the success or predominance of their ideas; Polygamists or believers in polygamy; Convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude; Suffering from mental alienation or incurable contagious disease;
b) c) d) e)
disqualifications (continuation).
f) who, during the period of their residence in the Philippines, have not mingled socially with the Filipinos, or who have not evinced a sincere desire to learn and embrace the customs, traditions and ideals of the Filipinos; g) Citizens or subjects of nations with whom the Philippines is at war, during the period of such war; Citizens or subject of a foreign country whose laws do not grant Filipinos the right to become naturalized citizens or subjects thereof.
h)
Those born in the Philippines and have received their primary and secondary education in public or private schools recognized by the Government and not limited to any race or nationality; Those who resided in the Philippines for 30 years or more before the filing of the petition, and enrolled his children in elementary and high schools recognized by the Government and not limited to any race or nationality; and Widow and minor children of an alien who has declared his intention to become a citizen of the Philippines and dies before he is actually naturalized.
b)
c)
procedure (continued)
2) Filing of the petition with the appropriate Regional Trial Court, together with the affidavits of 2 credible, citizens of the Philippines, who personally know the petitioner (as character witnesses). Publication of the petition in the Official Gazette and in a newspaper of general circulation in the province where the applicant resides, once a week for 3 consecutive weeks.
3)
4) Hearing of the petition 5) If the petition is approved, there will be a rehearing two years after the promulgation of the judgment to establish the following: a) applicant has not left the Philippines; b) dedicated himself continuously to a lawful calling or profession; c) not been convicted of any offense or violation of rules; and d) not committed an act prejudicial to the interest of the nation or contrary to any Government- announced policies 6) Oath-taking and issuance of the Certificate of Naturalization
On the wife:
- vests citizenship on the wife provided that she is not disqualified to be a citizen of the Philippines under Section 4 of C.A. 473. It is not anymore necessary for an alien woman to institute naturalization proceedings. All she has to do is to file before the Bureau of Immigration and Deportation a petition for the cancellation of her Alien Certificate of Registration. (Moy Ya Lim Yao vs. Commissioner of Immigration, G.R. No. L21289)
On Minor Children If born BEFORE naturalization: 1) If born in the Philippines is a Filipino 2) If born outside the Philippines 2.01. if dwelling in the Philippines at the time of the parents naturalization is a Filipino 2.02. If dwelling outside the Philippines at the time of parents naturalization is a Filipino only during his minority unless he permanently resides in the Philippines when still a minor, in which case he will continue to be a Philippine citizen even after becoming of age
A)
Effects on Naturalization .
B) If born AFTER naturalization: 1) If born in the Philippines is a Filipino 2) If born outside the Philippines shall be considered a Philippine citizen, unless within one year after reaching the age of majority he fails to register himself as a Philippine citizen at the Philippine consulate of the country where he resides and to take the necessary oath of allegiance.
c) d)
e)
If it is shown that said naturalization certificate was obtained fraudulently; If, within 5 years, he returns to his native country or to some foreign country and establishes residence there; provided, that 1-year stay in the native country, or 2year stay in a foreign country shall be prima facie evidence of intent to take up residence in the same; Petition was made on an invalid declaration of intention; Minor children failed to graduate through the fault of the parents, either by neglecting to support them or by transferring them to another school; Petitioner allowed himself to be used as dummy.
Section 18, C.A. No. 473 Upon motion made in the proper proceedings by the Solicitor General or his representative, or by the proper Provincial Fiscal, the competent judge may cancel the naturalization certificate.
Effect of Denaturalization
If the ground of the denaturalization affects the intrinsic validity of proceedings, the denaturalization shall divest the wife and children of their derivative naturalization. If the ground was personal to the denaturalized Filipino, his wife and children shall retain their Philippine Citizenship.
Have received his/her primary and secondary education in any public school or private educational institution duly recognized by the Department of Education, where Philippine history, government and civics are taught and prescribed as part of the school curriculum and where enrolment is not limited to any race or nationality, provided that should he/she have minor children of school age, he/she must have enrolled them in similar schools;
6)
7)
Have a known trade, business, profession or lawful occupation, from which he/she derives income sufficient for his/her support and that of his/her family; provided that this shall not apply to applicants who are college degree holders but are unable to practice their profession because they are disqualified to do so by reason of their citizenship; Be able to read, write and speak Filipino or any of the dialects of the Philippines; and Have mingled with the Filipinos and evinced a sincere desire to learn and embrace the customs and traditions and ideals of the Filipino people.
Wife and minor children of the applicant may file a petition for cancellation of their alien certificates of registration with the Special Committee on Naturalization. But if the applicant is a married woman, the approval of the petition shall not benefit her alien husband, although her minor children may avail of the right to seek cancellation of their alien certificate of registration.
3)
4)
Modified by R.A. 9225 (Citizenship Retention and Reacquisition Act; Sept. 17, 2003)
b) By express renunciation of citizenship c) By subscribing to an oath of allegiance to support the Constitution of a foreign country upon attaining 21 years of age; provided, however, that a Filipino may not divest himself of Philippine citizenship in any manner while the Republic of the Philippines is at war with any country.
R.A. 965 for those who rendered service to, or accepting commission in, the armed forces of an allied foreign country during the war. R.A. 2630 for persons who lost citizenship by rendering service to, or accepting commission, in the armed forces of the United States. P.D. 725 - for Filipino women who lost citizenship by marriage and for natural-born Filipinos. R.A. 8171 - For Filipino women who lost their citizenship by reason of marriage to aliens and for former natural-born who lost Filipino citizenship on account of political or economic necessity.
4)
Dual Citizenship/Allegiance
Section 5, Article V, 1987 Constitution Dual allegiance of citizens is inimical to the national interest and shall be dealt with by law.