Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research Foundation of Technical Education Technical College of Basrah

Training Package in

Fluid Mechanics
Modular unit 7

Application on Bernoulli Equation

By

Risala A. Mohammed
M.Sc. Civil Engineering Ass. Lect.

Environmental & Pollution Engineering Department 2011

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Target population

For the students of second class in Environmental engineering Department in Technical College

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Central Idea

The main goal of this chapter is to know the application of Bernoulli equation in the many situations of fluid mechanics.

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Instructions
1- Study over view thoroughly 2- Identify the goal of this modular unit 3- Do the Pretest and if you :*Get 9 or more you do not need to proceed *Get less than 9 you have to study this modular 4- After studying the text of this modular unit , do the post test and if you :*Get 9 or more , so go on studying modular unit eight *Get less than 9 , go back and study the modular unit seven

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Performance Objectives
At the end of this modular unit the student will be able to :1. Describe the pitot tube and calculate the velocity of fluid during flowing through pipes by using it. 2. Describe the Venturi meter and calculate the discharge of fluid during flowing through pipes by using it 3. 4. 5. 6. Calculate the discharge from tanks by using orifices Calculate the hydraulic coefficients ( Cv, Cd and Cc) Calculate the time required for empting tank through an orifices. measuring discharge in open channel by using notches and weirs

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Pre test
Q1)) ( 5 mark)
Explain briefly how the co-efficient of velocity of a jet "issuing through an orifice can be experimentally determined. Find an expression for head loss in an orifice flow in terms of coefficient of velocity and jet velocity, The head lost in flow through a 50 mm diameter orifice under a certain head is 160 mm of water and. the velocity of water in the jet is 7 m/s. If the coefficient of discharge be 0.6 l, determine: (i) Head on the orifice causing flow; (ii) The co-efficient of velocity; iii) The diameter of the jet.

Q2)) ( 5 mark)
A Venturi meter having a throat diameter of 150 mm is installed in a horizonta1300-mmdiameter water main. The coefficient of discharge is 0.982. Determine the difference in level of the mercury columns of the differential manometer attached to the Venturi meter if the discharge is 0.142 m3/s.

Not Check your answers in key answer page CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Introduction

The Bernoulli equation can be applied to a great many situations not just the pipe flow we have been considering up to now. In the following sections we will see some examples of its application to flow measurement from tanks, within pipes as well as in open channels.

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Pitot Tube
 A point in a fluid stream where the velocity is reduced to zero is known as a stagnation point.  Any non-rotating obstacle placed in the stream produces a stagnation point next to its upstream surface.  The velocity at X is zero: X is a stagnation point. 0 X

Streamlines passing a nonrotating obstacle

 By Bernoulli's equation the quantity p + VV2 + Vgz is constant along a streamline for the steady frictionless flow of a fluid of constant density.  If the velocity V at a particular point is brought to zero the pressure there is increased from p to p + VV2.  For a constant-density fluid the quantity p + VV2 is therefore known as the stagnation pressure of that streamline while VV2 that part of the stagnation pressure due to the motion is termed the dynamic pressure.  A manometer connected to the point X would record the stagnation pressure, and if the static pressure p were also known VV2 could be obtained by subtraction, and hence V calculated.

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Pitot Tube
A right-angled glass tube, large enough for capillary effects to be negligible, has one end (A) facing the flow. When equilibrium is attained the fluid at A is stationary and the pressure in the tube exceeds that of the surrounding stream by VV2. The liquid is forced up the vertical part of the tube to a height : h = (p/Vg = VV2/Vg = V2/2g
Simple Pitot Tube

above the surrounding free surface. Measurement of h therefore enables V to be calculated.

V ! 2 gh

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Pitot Tube
 Two piezometers, one as normal and one as a Pitot tube within the pipe can be used in an arrangement shown below to measure velocity of flow.  From the expressions above,

p 2 ! p1 

1 2 VV1 2

Vgh2 ! Vgh1 

1 2 VV1 2 V ! 2 g h2  h1
Figure 4.3 : A Piezometer and a Pitot tube

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Venturi meter
 The Venturi meter is a device for measuring discharge in a pipe. pipe.  It consists of a rapidly converging section, which increases the velocity of flow and hence reduces the pressure. pressure.  It then returns to the original dimensions of the pipe by a gently diverging diffuser section. By section. measuring the pressure differences the discharge can be calculated. calculated.  This is a particularly accurate method of flow measurement as energy losses are very small. small.

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Venturi meter
Applying Bernoulli Equation between (1) and (2), and using continuity equation to eliminate V2 will give :
V1 ! p  p2 2g 1  Z1  Z 2 g 2 A1 A 1 2

and Qideal = V1A1

To get the actual discharge, taking into consideration of losses due to friction, a coefficient of discharge, Cd, is introduced. 
act al ! i eal ! 2 Z Z 2g 1 1 2 g 1 2 1 1 2

It can be shown that the discharge can also be expressed in terms of manometer reading :
2g ma  1 2 1 1 2

act al

where Vman = density of manometer fluid

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Example(1)
A Venturi meter with an entrance diameter of 0.3 m and a throat diameter of 0.2 m is used to measure the volume of gas flowing through a pipe. The discharge coefficient of the meter is 0.96. Assuming the specific weight of the gas to be constant at 19.62 N/m3, calculate the volume flowing when the pressure difference between the entrance and the throat is measured as 0.06 m on a water U-tube manometer

Solution
V1 = Q/0.0707,V2 = Q/0.0314

For the manometer :

P1  V g gz1 ! P2  V g g ( z 2  RP )  V w gRP

P1  P2 ! 19.62( z 2  z1 )  587.423

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Example(1)
For the Venturi meter :
P1 P  1  z1 ! 2  2  z 2 V g g 2g V g g 2g
2 2

P1  P2 ! 19 .62 ( z 2  z1 )  0.803V2

0.803V2 ! 587.423
2

V2 ideal ! 27.047 m / s 0.2 3 Q ideal ! 27.047 v T ! 0.85 m / s 2 Q ! C d Qideal ! 0.96 v 0.85 ! 0.816 m 3 / s
CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation
2

Example (2)

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Example(3)

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Example (4)

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Example (5)

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Sharp edge circular orifice

 Consider a large tank, containing an ideal fluid, having a small sharp-edged circular orifice in one side.  If the head, h, causing flow through the orifice of diameter d is constant (h>10d), Bernoulli equation may be applied between two points, (1) on the surface of the fluid in the tank and (2) in the jet of fluid just outside the orifice. Hence :

P1 V1  h ! Vg 2 g
(1)

P2 V2   0  losses Vg 2 g

h streamline (2) datum

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Sharp edge circular orifice

 Now P1 = Patm and as the jet in unconfined, P2 = Patm. If the flow is steady, the surface in the tank remains stationary and V1 } 0 (z2=0, z1=h) and ignoring losses we get :

V2 2g
or the velocity through the orifice,

z1  z 2

V2

2 gh

 This result is known as Toricellis equation.  Assuming no loses, ideal fluid, V constant across jet at (2), the  discharge through the orifice is

Q ! A0 V2

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Sharp edge circular orifice

where A0 is the area of the orifice

2 gh

For the flow of a real fluid, the velocity is less than that given by eq. 4.7 because of frictional effects and so the actual velocity V2a, is obtained by introducing a modifying coefficient, Cv, the coefficient of velocity: Velocity,

V2 a
Cv !

! Cv

2 gh
(typically about 0.97)

actual velocity theoretical velocity

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Sharp edge circular orifice

As a real fluid cannot turn round a sharp bend, the jet continues to contract for a short distance downstream (about one half of the orifice diameter) and the flow becomes parallel at a point known . as the vena contracta (Latin : contracting vein).

Vena contracta

d0

P = Patm

approx. d0/2

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Sharp edge circular orifice

The area of discharge is thus less than the orifice area and a coefficient of contraction, Cc, must be introduced.
area of jet at vena contracta area of orifice Hence the actual discharge is : Cc !

Qa
!

! C c A0 C v
actual discharge theoretica l discharge

2 gh

(typically about 0.65)

or introducing a coefficient of discharge, Cd, where : Cd

(typically 0.63)

Qa

! C d A0

2 gh

Cd = Cc . Cv
CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Experimental Determination of Hydraulic Coefficients

Determination of Co efficient of Velocity of Velocity (Cv)
A Fig. shows a tank containing water at a constant level, maintained by a constant supply. Let the water flow out -of the tank through an orifice, fitted in one side of the tank. Let the section C-C represents the point of vena contracta. Consider a particle of water in the jet at P.

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Experimental Determination of Hydraulic Coefficients

Let, x = Horizontal distance travelled by the particle in time 't', y= Vertical distance between C-C and P, V;:= Actual velocity of the jet at vena-contracta, and H;:= Constant water head. Then, horizontal distance, x= V x t

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Example (6)
An orifice 50mm in diameter is discharging water under a head of l0 meters. If Cd = 0.6 and Cv = 0.97, find: (i) actual discharge, and ii) Actual velocity of the jet at vena contraeta

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Example (7)
A large tank has a sharp edged circular orifice of 930 mm2 area at a depth of 3 m below constant water level. The jet issues horizontally and in a horizontal distance of 2.4m , it falls by 0.53 m, the measured discharge is 4.3 liters\sec. Determine coefficients of velocity, contraction and discharge for the orifice.

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Example (8)
The head of water over the centre of an orifice of diameter 30 mm is 1.5m. The actual discharge through the orifice is 2.55 liters/sec. Find the co-efficient of discharge.

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Example (9)

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Nozzles
In a nozzle, the flow contracts gradually to the outlet and hence the area of the jet is equal to the outlet area of the nozzle. i.e. therefore Cc = 1.0 Cd = Cv

Taking a datum at the nozzle, Torricellis equation gives the total energy head in the system as it assumes an ideal fluid and hence no loss of energy, i.e. theoretical head :

ht

V2 ! 2g

dnozzle

contraction within nozzle

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Nozzles
But the actual velocity is : V2a = Cv V2 and the actual energy in the jet is :

Va ha ! 2 2g

as P2 and z2 are zero Therefore the actual energy head is :

CV ha ! v 2 2g

2 2

And the loss of energy head, hf , in the nozzle due to friction is :

hf ! ht  h a ! V2 C V  v 2 2g 2g
2 2

theoretical
2

actual

V 2 ! 2 (1Cv ) 2g
hf ! ( 1  C v ) ht
CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation
2

Example (10)
The nozzle in Fig. below throws a stream of water vertically upward so that the power available in the jet at point 2 is 3.50 hp. If the pressure at the base of the nozzle, point 1, is 36.0 psi, find the (a) theoretical height to which the jet will rise, (6) coefficient of velocity, (c) head loss between 1 and 2, and (4) theoretical diameter of the jet at a point 18 ft above point 2.

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Time Required For Empting Tank Through An Orifices

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Time Required For Empting Tank Through An Orifices

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Example (11)
A circular tank of diameter 3 m contains water up to a height of 4m. The tank is provided with an orifice of diameter 0.4 m at the bottom, Find the time taken by water; (i) to fall from 4 m to 2 m, and (ii) for completely emptying the tank

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Example (12)
A 1 m diameter circular tank contains water up to a height of 4 m. At the bottom . of tank an orifice of 40 mm is provided. Find the height of water above the orifice after 1.5 minutes. Take co-efficient of discharge for the orifice Cd= 0.6.

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Example (12)

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Flow over notches and weirs

Notch
is an opening in the side of a tank or reservoir, which extends above the surface of the liquid. It is usually a device for measuring discharge. A weir is a notch on a larger scale usually found in rivers. It may be sharp crested but also may have a substantial width in the direction of flow it is used as both a flow measuring device and a device to raise water levels.

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Flow over notches and weirs

Weir Assumptions
 assume that the velocity of the fluid approaching the weir is small so that kinetic energy can be neglected.  assume that the velocity through any elemental strip depends only on the depth below the free surface.  These are acceptable assumptions for tanks with notches or reservoirs with weirs, but for flows where the velocity approaching the weir is substantial the kinetic energy must be taken into account (e.g. a fast moving river).

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Flow over notches and weirs

A General Weir Equation
To determine an expression for the theoretical flow through a notch we will consider a horizontal strip of width b and depth h below the free surface, as shown in the figure velocity through the strip

V ! 2 gh

discharge through the strip,

HQ ! AV ! b Hh 2 gh

Integrating from the free surface, h = 0, to the weir crest, h = H gives the expression for the total theoretical discharge,
H

Qtheoretical ! 2 g bh 2 dh
1

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Flow over notches and weirs

Rectangular Weir
For a rectangular weir the width does not change with depth so there is no relationship between b and depth h. We have the equation, b = constant = B. Substituting this with the general weir equation gives:
H

Qtheoretical ! B 2 g

h 2 dh
1

2 ! 3

2g H

3 2

To calculate the actual discharge we introduce a coefficient of discharge, Cd, which accounts for losses at the edges of the weir and contractions in the area of flow, giving :

Qactual ! C d

2 3

2g H

3 2

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Example (13)
Water flows over a sharp-crested weir 600 mm wide. The measured head (relative to the crest) is 155 mm at a point where the cross-sectional area of the stream is 0.26 m2. Calculate the discharge, assuming that Cd = 0.61.

H = 155 mm Cross sectional Area = 0.26 m2

As first approximation,

Qactual ! Cd

2 3

2g H

3 2

2 3 2 ! 0.61v v 0.6 m v 19.62 m / s (0.155 m) 2 3

= 0.0660 m3/s

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Example (13)
@Velocity of approach =

0.0660 m 3 / s 0.26 m 2

= 0.254 m/s

V 2 (0.254 m / s ) 2 ! ! 3.28 v 10 3 m 2 g 19.62 m / s 2

H + V12/2g = (0.155 + 0.00328) m = 0.1583 m Second approximation:
2 3/ 2 0.61 19.62 x 0.60.1583 3
3

/ s ! 0.0681

/s

Further refinement of the value could be obtained by a new calculation of V1 (0.0681 m3/s z 0.26 m2), a new calculation of H + V12/2g and so on. One correction is usually sufficient, however, to give a value of Q acceptable to three significant figures.

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Post test
Post test Q1)) ( 5 mark)
A tank has two identical orifices in one of its vertical sides, The upper orifice is 1.5 below the water surface and the lower one is 3 m below the water surface . Find the point, at which the two jets will intersect, if the co-efficient of velocity is 0.92 for both the orifices

Q2)) ( 5 mark)
Oil is flowing upward through a Venturi. meter as shown in . Assume a discharge coefficient of 0.984 What is the rate of flow of the oil?

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Key answer
Pre test Q1))

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Key answer
Pre test Q2))

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Key answer
Post test Q1))

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

Key answer
Post test Q2))

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation

References
1. Evett, J., B. and Liu, C. 1989 2500 solved problems in fluid mechanics and hydraulics Library of Congress Cataloging- in-Publication Data, (Schaum's solved problems series) ISBN 0-07-019783-0 2. Rajput, R.,K. 2000 A Text Book of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines. S.Chand & Company LTD. 3. White, F., M. 2000 Fluid Mechanics. McGraw-Hill Series in Mechanical Engineering. 4. Wily, S., 1983 Fluid Mechanics. McGraw-Hill Series in Mechanical Engineering.

CH7:Application on Bernoulli Equation