Bharat sankhlecha

MICROCONTROLLER
1

Bharat Sankhlecha bharat.sanklecha@lpu.co.in Block 26 Room No. 205 Ch no. 13 M: 9501424515

LCD is finding widespread use replacing LEDs

The

declining prices of LCD The ability to display numbers, characters, and graphics Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, thereby relieving the CPU of the task of refreshing the LCD Ease of programming for characters and graphics

SENDING INFORMATION TO LCD USING MOVC INSTRUCTION

ADCs (analog-to-digital converters) are among the most widely used devices for data acquisition
A

physical quantity, like temperature, pressure, humidity, and velocity, etc., is converted to electrical (voltage, current) signals using a device called a transducer, or sensor

We need an analog-to-digital converter to translate the analog signals to digital numbers, so microcontroller can read them

ADC804 IC is an analog-to-digital converter

It

works with +5 volts and has a resolution of 8 bits Conversion time is another major factor in judging an ADC
Conversion time is defined as the time it takes the ADC to convert the analog input to a digital (binary) number In ADC804 conversion time varies depending on the clocking signals applied to CLK R and CLK IN pins, but it cannot be faster than 110 s

CLK IN and CLK R

CLK

IN is an input pin connected to an external clock source To use the internal clock generator (also called self-clocking), CLK IN and CLK R pins are connected to a capacitor and a resistor, and the clock frequency is determined by
Typical values are R = 10K ohms and C = 150 pF We get f = 606 kHz and the conversion time is 110 s

Vref/2
It

is used for the reference voltage

If this pin is open (not connected), the analog input voltage is in the range of 0 to 5 volts (the same as the Vcc pin) If the analog input range needs to be 0 to 4 volts, Vref/2 is connected to 2 volts

D0-D7
The

digital data output pins These are tri-state buffered

The converted data is accessed only when CS = 0 and RD is forced low

To

calculate the output voltage, use the following formula

Analog ground and digital ground

Analog

ground is connected to the ground of the analog Vin Digital ground is connected to the ground of the Vcc pin

To isolate the analog Vin signal from transient voltages caused by digital switching of the output D0 D7
This

contributes to the accuracy of the digital data output

The following steps must be followed for data conversion by the ADC804 chip
Make

CS = 0 and send a low-to-high pulse to pin WR to start conversion

Keep monitoring the INTR pin If INTR is low, the conversion is finished

If

the INTR is high, keep polling until it goes low After the INTR has become low, we make CS = 0 and send a high-to-low pulse to the RD pin to get the data out of the ADC804

Examine the ADC804 connection to the 8051 in Figure 12-7. Write a program to monitor the INTR pin and bring an analog input into register A. Then call a hex-to ACSII conversion and data display subroutines. Do this continuously.

A thermistor responds to temperature change by changing resistance, but its response is not linear The complexity associated with writing software for such nonlinear devices has led many manufacturers to market the linear temperature sensor

The sensors of the LM34/LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Fahrenheit/Celsius temperature
The

LM34/LM35 requires no external calibration since it is inherently calibrated It outputs 10 mV for each degree of Fahrenheit/Celsius temperature

Signal conditioning is a widely used term in the world of data acquisition

It

is the conversion of the signals (voltage, current, charge, capacitance, and resistance) produced by transducers to voltage, which is sent to the input of an A to- D converter

Signal conditioning can be a currenttovoltage conversion or a signal amplification

The

thermistor changes resistance with temperature, while the change of resistance must be translated into voltage in order to be of any use to an ADC

SIGNAL CONDITIONING AND INTERFACING LM35

Example:
Look at the case of connecting an LM35 to an ADC804. Since the ADC804 has 8-bit resolution with a maximum of 256 steps and the LM35 (or LM34) produces 10 mV for every degree of temperature change, we can condition Vin of the ADC804 to produce a Vout of 2560 mV full-scale output. Therefore, in order to produce the fullscale Vout of 2.56 V for the ADC804, We need to set Vref/2 = 1.28. This makes Vout of the ADC804 correspond directly to the temperature as monitored by the LM35.

KEYBOARD INTERFACING

Keyboards are organized in a matrix of rows and columns

The

CPU accesses both rows and columns through ports Therefore, with two 8-bit ports, an 8 x 8 matrix of keys can be connected to a microprocessor When a key is pressed, a row and a column make a contact Otherwise, there is no connection between rows and columns

In IBM PC keyboards, a single microcontroller takes care of hardware and software interfacing

A 4x4 matrix connected to two ports

The

rows are connected to an output port and the columns are connected to an input port

It is the function of the microcontroller to scan the keyboard continuously to detect and identify the key pressed To detect a pressed key, the microcontroller grounds all rows by providing 0 to the output latch, then it reads the columns
If

the data read from columns is D3 D0 = 1111, no key has been pressed and the process continues till key press is detected If one of the column bits has a zero, this means that a key press has occurred For example, if D3 D0 = 1101, this means that a key in the D1 column has been pressed After detecting a key press, microcontroller will go through the process of identifying the key

Starting with the top row, the microcontroller grounds it by providing a low to row D0 only
It

reads the columns, if the data read is all 1s, no key in that row is activated and the process is moved to the next row

It grounds the next row, reads the columns, and checks for any zero
This

process continues until the row is identified

After identification of the row in which the key has been pressed
Find

out which column the pressed key belongs

to

Program for detection and identification of key activation goes through the following stages: 1. To make sure that the preceding key has been released, 0s are output to all rows at once, and the columns are read and checked repeatedly until all the columns are high
When

all columns are found to be high, the program waits for a short amount of time before it goes to the next stage of waiting for a key to be pressed

2. To see if any key is pressed, the columns are scanned over and over in an infinite loop until one of them has a 0 on it
Remember

that the output latches connected to rows still have their initial zeros (provided in stage 1), making them grounded After the key press detection, it waits 20 ms for the bounce and then scans the columns again (a) it ensures that the first key press detection was not an erroneous one due a spike noise (b) the key press. If after the 20-ms delay the key is still pressed, it goes back into the loop to detect a real key press

3. To detect which row key press belongs to, it grounds one row at a time, reading the columns each time
If

it finds that all columns are high, this means that the key press cannot belong to that row Therefore, it grounds the next row and continues until it finds the row the key press belongs to Upon finding the row that the key press belongs to, it sets up the starting address for the look-up table holding the scan codes (or ASCII) for that row

4. To identify the key press, it rotates the column bits, one bit at a time, into the carry flag and checks to see if it is low
Upon

finding the zero, it pulls out the ASCII code for that key from the look-up table otherwise, it increments the pointer to point to the next element of the look-up table

INTERFACING DAC
The digital to analog converter (DAC) is a device widely used to convert digital pulses to analog signals. In the DAC0808, the digital inputs are converted to current, and by connecting a resistor to the Iout pin, we convert the result to voltage. The total current provided by the Iout pin is a function of the binary numbers at the D0-D7 inputs of the DAC0808 and the reference current.

Commonly used DAC808 (MC1408) R/2R ladder Iout = Iref (D7/2 + D6/4 + D5/8 + + D0/256) Iout converted to voltage by a resistive load or opamp based isolator (Rf from Vout to V- and V+ to GND) PinOut D0-D7 Connected to the Processors IO port Vref+, Vref-, Vee Usage: Just write a byte to the IO port and the DAC converts it to an analog value

Where, Rf = Feedback Resistor of Current to Voltage Converter circuit

Find the maximum output amplitude of the saw tooth waveform obtained with the following program. a. MOV A, #00H MOV P1,A BACK: INC A SJMP BACK b. MOV R0, #64H RPT: MOV A, #00H BACK: MOV P1,A INC A CJNE A, R0, BACK SJMP RPT

Write a program to do the following. a. When SW=0, the DAC output gives a staircase waveform. b. When SW=1, the DAC output gives a triangular waveform.

STEPPER MOTOR
A stepper motor is a widely used device that translate electrical pulses into mechanical movements. In applications such as disk drives, dot matrix printers, and robotics, the stepper motor is used for position control. Stepper motors commonly have a permanent magnet rotor surrounded by a stator. The most common stepper motor have four stator windings that are paired with a centertapped common. This type of stepper motor is commonly referred to as a four phase or unipolar stepper motor.

STEPPER MOTOR ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Advantages

1. The rotation angle of the motor is proportional to the input pulse. 2. The motor has full torque at standstill (if the windings are energized) 3. Precise positioning and repeatability of movement since good stepper motors have an accuracy of 3 5% of a step and this error is non cumulative from one step to the next. 4. Excellent response to starting/ stopping/reversing. 5. Very reliable since there are no contact brushes in the motor. Therefore the life of the motor is simply dependant on the life of the bearing. 6. The motors response to digital input pulses provides open-loop control, making the motor simpler and less costly to control. 7. It is possible to achieve very low speed synchronous rotation with a load that is directly coupled to the shaft. 8. A wide range of rotational speeds can be realized as the speed is proportional to the frequency of the input pulses.

Disadvantages 1. Resonances can occur if not properly controlled. 2. Not easy to operate at extremely high speeds.

STEP ANGLE
How much angle is associated with a single step? This depend on the internal construction of the motor, in particular the number of teeth on the stator and the rotor. The step angle is the minimum degree of rotation associated with a single step. Steps per Revolution Step Angle

0.72 1.8 2.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 15

500 200 180 144 72 48 24

Write a program to rotate a motor 64 degree in the clockwise direction. The motor has a step angle of 2 degree. Use the 4-step sequence. Sol: A motor with a 2 degree step angle has the following characteristics: Step angle: 2 degree Steps per revolution: 180 No. of rotor teeth: 45 Movement per 4-step sequence: 8 degree To move the rotor 64 degree, we have to send eight consecutive 4-step sequences, i.e., 32 steps.

ORG 00H MOV A, #66H MOV R0, #32 BACK: RR A MOV P1, A ACALL DELAY DJNZ R0, BACK END

Looking onto working of stepper motor, when we energize a coil of stepper motor, the shaft of stepper motor (which is actually a permanent magnet) align itself according to poles of energized coil. So when motor coils are energized in a particular sequence, motor shaft tend to align itself according to pole of coils and hence rotates.

Full step sequence in stepper motor: In the full step sequence, two coils are energized at the same time and motor shaft rotates. The order in which coils has to be energized is given in the table below. Full Mode Sequence Step A B C D 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 2 0 0 1 1 3 1 0 0 1

Half Step sequence in stepper motor: In Half mode step sequence, motor step angle reduces to half the angle in full mode. So the angular resolution is also increased i.e. it becomes double the angular resolution in full mode. Also in half mode sequence the number of steps gets doubled as that of full mode. Half mode is usually preferred over full mode. Table below shows the pattern of energizing the coils.

Half Mode Sequence Step A B C D 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 2 0 1 1 0 3 0 0 1 0 4 0 0 1 1 5 0 0 0 1 6 1 0 0 1 7 1 0 0 0

Step angle: Step angle of the stepper motor is defined as the angle traversed by the motor in one step. To calculate step angle, simply divide 360 by number of steps a motor takes to complete one revolution. As we have seen that in half mode, the number of steps taken by the motor to complete one revolution gets doubled, so step angle reduces to half.

ORG 00H MOV A, #88H ; 10001000B LOOP: MOV P1, A ACALL DELAY RR A ; ROTATE BITS SJMP LOOP DELAY: MOV TMOD, #01H MOV TCON, #00H MOV TL1, #0E0H MOV TH0, #0B1H SETB TR0 WAIT: JNB TF0, WAIT RET END

Upon execution this code, motor should rotate in clockwise direction. The direction of the motor rotation and its speed can be changed depending upon the input sequence and delay routine.

A switch is connected to pin P2.7. Write a program to monitor the status of SW ad perform the following : a. If SW=0, the stepper motor move clockwise. b. If SW=1, the stepper motor moves counter clock wise.

Rotate the stepper motor continuously 1. Clockwise using the wave drive 4-step sequence 2. Clockwise using the half-step 8-step sequence.

EXTERNAL MEMORY
The 8031 chip is a ROM less version of the 8051 It is exactly like any member of the 8051 family as far as executing the instructions and features are concerned, but it has no on-chip ROM To make the 8031 execute 8051 code, it must be connected to external ROM memory containing the program code 8031 is ideal for many systems where the onchip ROM of 8051 is not sufficient, since it allows the program size to be as large as 64K bytes

For 8751/89C51/DS5000-based system, we connected the EA pin to Vcc to indicate that the program code is stored in the microcontrollers on-chip ROM
To

indicate that the program code is stored in external ROM, this pin must be connected to GND

Since the PC (program counter) of the 8031/51 is 16-bit, it is capable of accessing up to 64K bytes of program code
In

the 8031/51, port 0 and port 2 provide the 16bit address to access external memory P0 provides the lower 8 bit address A0 A7, an P2 provides the upper 8 bit address A8 A15 P0 is also used to provide the 8-bit data bus D0 D7 P0.0 P0.7 are used for both the address and data paths address/data multiplexing

ALE (address latch enable) pin is an output pin for 8031/51

ALE

= 0, P0 is used for data path ALE = 1, P0 is used for address path

To extract the address from the P0 pins we connect P0 to a 74LS373 and use the ALE pin to latch the address

Normally ALE = 0, and P0 is used as a data bus, sending data out or bringing data in Whenever the 8031/51 wants to use P0 as an address bus, it puts the addresses A0 A7 on the P0 pins and activates ALE = 1

PSEN (program store enable) signal is an output signal for the 8031/51 microcontroller and must be connected to the OE pin of a ROM containing the program code It is important to emphasize the role of EA and PSEN when connecting the 8031/51 to external ROM
When

the EA pin is connected to GND, the 8031/51 fetches opcode from external ROM by using PSEN

The connection of the PSEN pin to the OE pin of ROM In systems based on the 8751/89C51/ DS5000 where EA is connected to Vcc, these chips do not activate the PSEN pin This indicates that the on-chip ROM contains program code

In an 8751 system we could use onchip ROM for boot code and an external ROM will contain the users program
We

still have EA = Vcc, Upon reset 8051 executes the on-chip program first, then When it reaches the end of the on-chip ROM, it switches to external ROM for rest of program