Section Two: Matrices Textbook: Ch. 1.5, 1.

9
GOALS OF THIS CHAPTER
- define what a matrix is - introduce matrix addition and properties - introduce matrix scalar multiplication and properties - introduce matrix transposes and properties - understand how to write a direct proof

INTRODUCTION

Just what is a matrix? A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers. In this course, we will use a capital letter to represent a matrix. Two smaller letters may be used to represent the number of rows and columns:

A mxn
The capital A stands for the entire matrix.

n stands for the number of columns.

m stands for the number of rows.

INTRODUCTION

Finally, if we want to refer to one of the numbers inside the matrix, lets say row i and column j, we write aij or a(i,j). Ex. 1 Our first matrix

A 2x3

1 2

-7 17

I tend to use square brackets [ ] for matrices. The textbook uses round brackets ( ). Its totally up to you which you prefer!

Matrix A is 2 by 3

INTRODUCTION

Ex. 1 Our first matrix

A 2x3

1 2

Row 1

-7 17

INTRODUCTION

Ex. 1 Our first matrix

A 2x3

1 2

8
Row 2

-7 17

INTRODUCTION

Ex. 1 Our first matrix

A 2x3

1 2

-7 17

Column 1

INTRODUCTION

Ex. 1 Our first matrix

A 2x3

1 2

-7 17
Column 2

INTRODUCTION

Ex. 1 Our first matrix

A 2x3

1 2

-7 17
Column 3

INTRODUCTION

Ex. 1 Our first matrix

A 2x3

1 2

-7 17
a(2,3) = 17
The entry in the second row and third column

a11 = 1
The entry in the first row and first column

INTRODUCTION

Next, we define some special types of matrices: A row matrix is any matrix with only one row. It is of the form A1xn. Depending on the context, a row matrix can also be called a row vector by separating entries with commas. A column matrix is any matrix with only one column. It is of the form Amx1. Depending on the context, a column matrix can also be called a column vector. A square matrix is any matrix with the same number of rows and columns. It is of the form Anxn.

INTRODUCTION

Ex. 2 Some special matrices

1 2
Column Matrix

B 1x2

Row Matrix

F 2x2

1 3

-1/2 -3/4

C 5x1

4 -6 7

Square Matrix

MATRIX ADDITION
When we add matrices together, they must be the same size! Ex. 3 Matrix Addition

A 2x3

1 3 1 3

-1 2 1 0

B 2x3
2 + 5 0

2 5 1

-7 1

A+B =

-1 2 1+2

-7 1

MATRIX ADDITION
When we add matrices together, they must be the same size! Ex. 3 Matrix Addition

A 2x3

1 3 1 3

-1 2 1 0

B 2x3
2 + 5 0

2 5 1

-7 1

A+B =

-1 2

-7 1

1+2 0+0 =

MATRIX ADDITION
When we add matrices together, they must be the same size! Ex. 3 Matrix Addition

A 2x3

1 3 1 3

-1 2 1 0

B 2x3
2 + 5 0

2 5 1

-7 1

A+B =

-1 2

-7 1

1+2 0+0 1+1 =

MATRIX ADDITION
When we add matrices together, they must be the same size! Ex. 3 Matrix Addition

A 2x3

1 3 1 3

-1 2 1 0

B 2x3
2 + 5 0

2 5 1

-7 1

A+B =

-1 2

-7 1

1+2 0+0 1+1 = -1+5 2-7 3+1

MATRIX ADDITION

Ex. 3 Matrix Addition

A+B =

3 4

-5 4

Mathematically, matrix addition looks like this:

A+B = [aij] + [bij] = [aij + bij]

(This means that we simply add corresponding entries!)

MATRIX ADDITION
What happens if the matrices arent the same size? Ex. 4 Failed Matrix Addition

A 2x3

1 3 1 3

-1 2 1 0

B 2x2
2 + 5 0 -7

2 0 5 -7

A+B =

-1 2 1+2

MATRIX ADDITION
What happens if the matrices arent the same size? Ex. 4 Failed Matrix Addition

A 2x3

1 3 1 3

-1 2 1 0

B 2x2
2 + 5 0 -7

2 0 5 -7

A+B =

-1 2

1+2 0+0 =

MATRIX ADDITION
What happens if the matrices arent the same size? Ex. 4 Failed Matrix Addition

A 2x3

1 3 1 3 0+0

-1 2 1 0

B 2x2
2 + 5 WTF 0 -7

2 0 5 -7

A+B =

-1 2 1+2

MATRIX ADDITION
What happens if the matrices arent the same size? Ex. 4 Failed Matrix Addition

A+B = ?

We say that the addition is not possible (or it is undefined) since the matrices are not the same size.

PROPERTIES OF MATRIX ADDITION

Before we look at some properties, we need two definitions. The zero matrix is the matrix with all entries equal to zero. It is denoted with a capital O.

0 0

0 0

The negative of a matrix A is denoted as -A. The entries of A are the same as A, except that all the signs are switched.

A = -5 7

-2 0

-A

2 0 5 -7

PROPERTIES OF MATRIX ADDITION

Appendix A: Direct Proofs - done on overhead Thm. 5: Properties of Matrix Addition - done on overhead Thm. 5: Proof - done on overhead

SCALAR MULTIPLICATION
Scalar multiplication happens when we want to multiply all the entries in the matrix by a common number. Ex. 6 A Word Problem Suppose you go Boxing Day Shopping. There are three items you are looking for: an iPod Touch, an Xbox 360 and a Bleach DVD. At Future Shop they are having a 20% off sale and they currently have all your items in stock! Write down a row matrix representing the price of each item after the discount if the iPod Touch costs $200.00, the Xbox 360 costs $300.00 and the Bleach DVD costs $25.00.

SCALAR MULTIPLICATION
Ex. 6 A Word Problem

iPod Xbox 360 Bleach Touch DVD Price 200.00 300.00 25.00

P=

200.00

300.00

25.00

SCALAR MULTIPLICATION
Ex. 6 A Word Problem

P 0.2P = = =

200 200 160

300 300 240

25 25 20

0.2 200 40

300 60 5

25

This means the iPod Touch is $160 on sale, the Xbox 360 is $240 on sale and the Bleach DVD is $20 on sale. (Taxes not included.)

SCALAR MULTIPLICATION

Mathematically, scalar multiplication looks like this:

rA = r[aij] = [raij]
Thm. 7: Properties of Matrix Scalar Multiplication - done on overhead Thm. 7: Proof - done on overhead

MATRIX TRANSPOSES

Mathematically, the matrix transpose looks like this:

At = [aij]t = [aji]
Notice the switch of the i and j! This means that the rows become the columns and the columns become the rows!
How strange

MATRIX TRANSPOSES

Ex. 8 Matrix Transposes - done on overhead

MATRIX TRANSPOSES
Some more special matrices: A square matrix is called a diagonal matrix if there are zeros in all the entries except the main diagonal. The main diagonal entries are the entries where i=j.

A= 0

0 -3
Main diagonal

All other entries are zero, so A is a diagonal matrix.

MATRIX TRANSPOSES
Some more special matrices: If all the entries of a diagonal matrix are equal to one, we call the matrix an identity matrix. We represent this matrix with a capital I.

I= 0

0 1
Main diagonal

All other entries are zero, so I is a diagonal matrix. Since all entries on the main diagonal are 1, it is an identity matrix.

MATRIX TRANSPOSES
Some more special matrices: An upper triangular matrix is a square matrix that has zeros in all the entries below the main diagonal. This means a(i,j)=0 if i>j.

7 5 0

2 -5 0
Main diagonal

0 0

All entries below the main diagonal are zero, so A is an upper triangular matrix.

MATRIX TRANSPOSES
Some more special matrices: A lower triangular matrix is a square matrix that has zeros in all the entries above the main diagonal. This means a(i,j)=0 if i<j.

0 5 -5

0 0 0
Main diagonal

A=

7 2

All entries above the main diagonal are zero, so A is a lower triangular matrix.

MATRIX TRANSPOSES
Some more special matrices: A symmetric matrix is a square matrix that satisfies At = A. This means the columns of A are also the rows of A.

7 5 -5

2 -5 0
Main diagonal

A=

7 2

I usually disregard the main diagonal, then check to see if the upper triangle and lower triangle are mirror images.

MATRIX TRANSPOSES
Some more special matrices: A skew-symmetric matrix is a square matrix that satisfies At = -A. This means the columns of A are the rows of A multiplied by -1.

-7 0 -5

-2 5 0
Main diagonal

A=

7 2

Check the main diagonal consists of only zeros (why cant we have a value on the main diagonal?). The upper triangle and lower triangle should be negative-mirror images.

PROPERTIES OF THE MATRIX TRANSPOSE

Thm. 9 Properties of Matrix Transposes - done on overhead

Thm. 9 Proof - done on overhead