Reinforced Concrete Flexural

Members
Reinforced Concrete Flexural Members
Concrete is by nature a continuous material
Once concrete reaches its tensile
strength ~400 psi, concrete will crack.
Stress in steel will be ~ 4000 psi.
Design Criteria
Serviceability
Crack width limits
Deflection limits
Strength must provide adequate strength
for all possible loads

A
s
area of steel in
tension zone
A
s
area of steel in
compression zone
d distance from center of
tension reinforcement to
outermost point in
compression
d distance from center of
compression
reinforcement to
outermost point in
compression
Strain and Stress in Concrete Beams
T
C
f
s
f
c
cracked concrete
f
s
f
c
f
s
=f
y
cracked concrete
f
c
=f
c
c
Stress
T
C

c
cracked concrete

s

s
>
y
cracked concrete

c
=0.003

Strain
d
jd
M = Tjd = Cjd where j is some fraction of the effective depth, d
T = A
s
f
s
at failure, T = A
s
F
y
C = T = force in As and concrete
Stress in Concrete at Ultimate

ACI 318 approximates the
stress distribution in
concrete as a rectangle
0.85f
c
wide and a high,
where a =
1
c.

C
concrete
= 0.85f
c
ab
w


C
steel =
A
s
f
s

A
s
f
y
= 0.85f
c
ab
w
+ A
s
f
s
Definitions

1
shall be taken as 0.85 for concrete strengths fc up
to and including 4000 psi. For strengths above 4000
psi,
1
shall be reduced continuously at a rate of 0.05
for each 1000 psi of strength above 4000 psi, but
1
shall not be taken less than 0.65.

b
w
= width of web

f
s
= stress in compression reinforcement (possibly f
y
)

With No Compression Steel
A
s
f
y
= 0.85f
c
ab
w

w c
y s
b f
f A
a
' 85 . 0
=
d
a
j
2
1 =
2
a
d jd =
For most beams, 5/6 j 19/20
Moment Equation
recall, M = Tjd = Cjd and T = A
s
F
y
= 0.9 for flexure

M
u
M
n
=0.9Tjd = 0.9A
s
f
y
jd

substituting 5/6 j 19/20

0.75A
s
f
y
d M
u
0.85A
s
f
y
d
Reinforcement Ratio
d b
A
w
s
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
d b
A
w
s
'
' Compression reinforcement ratio
Reinforcement ratio for beams
Design Equations
d f
M
A
y
u
s
85 . 0
>
d f
M
A
y
u
s
75 . 0
>
d f
M
A
y
u
s
80 . 0
>
For positive moment sections of T-shaped beams,
and for negative moment sections of beams or
slabs where
b.
For negative moment sections where
b
and for positive moment sections without a T
flange and with
b.

For intermediate cases where
b
< <
b
regardless of the direction of bending.
Balanced Reinforcement Ratio,
b
To insure that steel tension reinforcement reaches a strain

s
f
y
/E
s
before concrete reaches = 0.003 (steel yields
before concrete crushes) the reinforcement ratio must be
less than
b
. Where
b


is the balanced reinforcement ratio
or the reinforcement ratio at which the steel will yield and
the concrete will crush simultaneously.
y
c
b
f
f '
319 . 0
1
| =
For rectangular compression zones (negative bending)
For positive bending (T-shaped compression zone) reinforcement
ratio is usually very low (b very large)
b = effective flange width, least of:
b
w
+ half distance to the adjoining parallel beam on each side of the web
the span length of the beam
b
w
+ 16 h
f
Balanced Reinforcement Ratio

b
for rectangular compression zone
F
y,
ksi f
c
= 3000 psi 4000 5000 6000
40 0.0203 0.0271 0.0319 0.0359
50 0.0163 0.0217 0.0255 0.0287
60 0.0136 0.0181 0.0213 0.0239
Note: if >
b
can add compression reinforcement to prevent failure due to crushing of concrete.
Depth of Beam for Preliminary Design
The ACI code prescribes minimum values of h, height of
beam, for which deflection calculations are not required.

Minimum values of h to avoid deflection calculations
Type of
beam
construction
simply
supported
one end
continuous
both ends
continuous
cantilever
beams or
joists
l /16 l /18.5 l /21 l /8
one way
slabs
l /20 l /24 l /28 l /10
Preliminary Design Values
5/3
b
practical maximum reinforcement ratio

For typical d/b
w
ratios:
b y
u
f
M
d

5 . 2
3
>
Beam Analysis
ACI 318 Approximate Moments and Shears
Compression Reinforcement
If >
b
must add compression reinforcement to prevent
failure due to crushing of concrete





sb
y
b w s s
f
f
d b A A
'
) ( ' >
|
.
|

\
|
=
d
d
f
sb
3
' 8
1 87 '
Crack Control
For serviceability, crack widths, in tension zones,
must be limited.


ACI 318 requires the tension
reinforcement in the flanges
of T-beams be distributed
over an effective flange width,
b, or a width equal to 1/10
span, whichever is smaller. If
the effective flange width
exceeds 1/10 the span,
additional reinforcement shall
be provided in the outer
portions of the flange.
Flexure Design Example p. 21 notes
The partial office building floor plan shown had
beams spanning 30 ft and girders spanning 24 ft.
Design the slab, beams, and girders to support a
live load of 80 psf and a dead weight of 15 psf in
addition to the self weight of the structure. Use
grade 60 reinforcing steel and 4000 psi concrete.
30 ft 30 ft
30 ft 30 ft
24 ft
24 ft
24 ft
Reinforcing Steel