INTEGRATED TERM PROJECT

SENSORS

PRESENTED BY:
SAPNA SINHA SUCHI MOHAN B.F.Tech NIFT, Jodhpur

OBJECTIVES
MAIN OBJECTIVE To understand the functions and role of sensors in daily life as well as in textile industry. SUB OBJECTIVES: To find out and to understand different types of sensors sensors application evolution of sensors new technologies

future trends of sensors

METHODOLOGY
PRIMARY STUDY:
Observing the working of sensors in daily life. Analyzed working of sensors.

SECONDARY STUDY:
Data collected from
\

Internet Journals Books Articles Newspapers

Material collected is quantitative and conclusive in nature.

INTRODUCTION
Electrical or mechanical components that are used to measure a property or behavior of an object or system. Measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an instrument.

Used to measure physical variables Temperature PH Velocity Rotational rate Flow rate Pressure and many others.

IMPORTANCE OF SENSORS
Sensors are inventions or devices that can extend the human physical senses of sight, hearing, taste, smell, touch (pressure, temperature and gravity). Sense the same phenomena as human senses, but: They are there 24 hours a day They are there 365 days a year Their measurements are more precise (sensitive & selective)

Their measurements are reproducible

HISTORY OF SENSOR

(1980s-1990s) Size Weight Large shoe box and up

(2000-2005) Pack of cards to small shoe box

(2005-2010) Dust particle

Kilograms
Separate sensing, processing and communication Large batteries, hours, days and longer Vehicle-placed or air-drop single sensors

Grams
Integrated sensing, processing and communication AA batteries, days to weeks

Negligible
Integrated sensing, processing and communication Solar , months to years Embedded, sprinkled left-behind

Node Architecture

Power Supply Lifetime Deployment

Hand-emplaced

MATERIALS USED IN SENSORS

Alcohol Araldite Bakelite Glass Mica Hard Rubber Paper-Based Laminate Wood Gold mercury Polyamide Polyethylene Polypropylene Polystyrene Polyvinyl Chloride Porcelain Pressboard Silica Glass silver magnet Cable Casting Compound Air, Vacuum Marble Oil Impregnated Paper Paper Paraffin Petroleum plexiglas ceramic platinum Silica Sand Silicone Rubber Teflon Turpentine Oil Transformer Oil Water Soft Rubber Celluloid Lead Payrolindine carboxyl

SENSOR CHARACTERISTICS
A good sensor obeys the following rules:

Sensitive to the measured property Insensitive to any other property likely to be encountered in its application Does not influence the measured property

FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED CHOOSING A SENSOR

Accuracy

Caliberation

Cost

Enviornment

Range

Repeatability

Resolution

FINDINGS
Sensor concept Advances in sensor technology Sensor design Sensor structure Types of sensors Advantages and disadvantages of sensors Sensors application fields Use of sensors in daily life

SENSOR CONCEPT

Transducer Converts a sensed physical manifestation of a measurand to a signal representation of the measurand. Sensor Provides a signal related to a measurand. This device may contain one or more transducers. Instrument Processes and displays or logs a measurand. This device may contain sensors and other signal processing and display or logging devices.

ADVANCES IN SENSOR TECHNOLOGY

Miniaturization
New Sensing capabilities Wireless and low power Enhanced robustness sensitivity, selectivity, speed,

Reconfigurable Ability to respond to new toxic chemicals, explosives and biological agents
Potentially extremely cheap

SENSOR DESIGNING

Requirements Boundary conditions

Characteristics of the sensors system (specification)

Library of System Structures

Selection of Sensor Structure Selection of Sensors & Stimulation Models Selection of Signal Processing Methods

Library of sensors & simulation models

Library of signal processing methods

Required Sensors specification fulfilled? Yes

No

Result

STANDARD SENSOR STRUCTURE

Interface
Signal Processing Signal pre-processing

Sensor
Measured Quantity

Analog signal Digital signal Compatible Signal

TYPES OF SENSORS
TEMPERATURE SENSORS PRESSURE SENSORS

CHEMICAL SENSORS
OPTICAL SENSORS MAGNETIC SENSORS PROXIMITY SENSORS MECHANICAL SENSORS SENSORS USED IN FABRIC MANUFACTURING IMAGE SENSORS SMART SENSORS

ADVANTAGES OF SENSORS

Help in security problems.

Detects problems in various field.

Provide easy access to the availability of data . Used in weather forecasting ,preventing from various hazards. Protect your valuables. Some are easily accessible- eg. Cash points

They control things properly eg. Street traffic lights

Time saving

DISADVANTAGES OF SENSORS
Easily set off , and cause problems. Can break down. Application is limited. Response time. Moisture can lead to failure in some sensors.

SENSORS APPLICATIONS FIELD

Environmental Defense Biomedical informatics and pharmaceutical Transportation (auto, heavy vehicles, off-road vehicles, etc.) Chemical

Refinery
Paper manufacturing Textile, glass, steel and other forging Military sensing, physical security, air traffic control, traffic surveillance, video surveillance, industrial and manufacturing automation, distributed robotics, environment monitoring, and building and structures monitoring. Many other intelligent applications

SENSORS OBSERVED
SENSORS IN HOME: DOOR HOME SECURITY SENSORS OCCUPANCY SENSORS TV REMOTE SMOKE DETECTOR LPG GAS LEAKAGE ALARM SENSORS IN MEDICAL FIELD: FINGER CLIP REUSABLE SENSOR RESPIRATION SENSORS ULTRASOUND ACOUSTIC SNSORS ULTRASOUND SENSOR BIOMETRIC SENSORS SENSORS USED IN CARS GLASS BREAKING SENSORS GARAGE PARKING SENSORS TILT SENSORS FOR CAR ALARM

SENSORS USED IN AGRICULTURE SMART DUST WIRELESS SENSORS PH SENSORS LEAF SENSORS SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR

CONCLUSION
Variety of sensors are available. Materials processing science will be the foundation for developing affordable sensor materials Sensor materials R & D can be divided into two main categories: the development of new materials, and materials engineering associated with implementation constraints for particular applications.

Future trends in sensor technology:

Trend to miniaturization: micro system technology Trend to wireless systems Trend to the use of multi-sensors

REFERENCES:
Wolfbeis, O. S. (2000). "Fiber-optic chemical sensors and biosensors." Anal Chem 72(12): 81R-89R http://www.sensors-transducers.machinedesign.com/guiEdits/Content/bdeee4/bdeee4_7.aspx http://www.platexindia.com/products.htm http://www.unibw.de/eit8_2/forschung/projekte/shfilm/structure) http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=0309051754table) http://journalseek.net/cgi-bin/journalseek/journalsearch.cgi?field=issn&query=0914-4935 J. Brignell and N. White, 1996, Intelligent Sensor Systems, 2nd Ed., IOP, Bristol, UK author: Amrita ARTICLE: Multiple traffic control using wireless sensors and density measuring camera Rai and Govind Singh Patel Sensor smart versus intelligent author:Yurish S Y Article: modern sensing technologies author: Subhash Chandra Mukhopadhyay,Gourab Sen Gupta. Article : Sensor device technologies and applications author: Yurish S Y and Petre Dini Lang W.: "Reflexions on the future of Microsystems", Sensors and Actuators, A 72, P. 1-15, Elsevier, 1999. Senturia S. D.: "Simulation and design of microsystems: a 10 Year Perspective", Sensors and Actuators, A 67, P. 1-7, Elsevier,1998.

THANK YOU

Question invited..