OIL REFINERY INDUSTRY

ASSIGNMENT 1

NATASHA BT MOHAMED FADZIL AHMAD NAQIUDDIN BIN ABDUL RAHIM NUR AFIQAH BT MOHD AZHARI SITI NOORFATIN BT ZULKIFLI

55201210017 55201210195 55201210209 55201210332

STEAM GENERATION
Heater and Boiler Operations Heater Fuel The fuel-oil system delivers fuel to process-unit heaters and steam generators at required temperatures and pressures Steam Distribution Most steam used in the refinery is condensed to water in various types of heat exchangers. The condensate is reused as boiler feedwater or discharged to wastewater treatment. Steam is also used to drive steam turbine generators to produce electricity, the steam must be produced at much higher pressure than required for process steam.

FEEDWATER
Feedwater supply is an important part of steam generation. There must always be as many pounds of water entering the system as there are pounds of steam leaving it. Water used in steam generation must be free of contaminants including minerals and dissolved impurities that can damage the system or affect its operation.

ELECTRICAL SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION -SYSTEM

Refineries may receive electricity from outside sources or produce their own power with generators driven by steam turbines or gas engines. Electrical substations receive power from the utility or power plant for distribution throughout the facility.

TURBINES
Turbines are usually gas- or steampowered and are typically used to drive pumps, compressors, blowers, and other refinery process equipment. Steam enters turbines at high temperatures and pressures, expands across and drives rotating blades while directed by fixed blades.

HEAT EXCHANGERS, COOLERS, AND PROCESS HEATERS

Heating Operations Process heaters and heat exchangers preheat feedstock in distillation towers and in refinery processes to reaction temperatures. Heat exchangers use either steam or hot hydrocarbon transferred from some other section of the process for heat input. Cooling Operations Heat also may be removed from some processes by air and water exchangers, fin fans, gas and liquid coolers, and overhead condensers, or by transferring heat to other systems.

COOLING TOWERS.
Cooling towers remove heat from process water by evaporation and latent heat transfer between hot water and air. Cooling Water Recirculated cooling water must be treated to remove impurities and dissolved hydrocarbons. Because the water is saturated with oxygen from being cooled with air, the chances for corrosion are increased.

TANK STORAGE

 Atmospheric storage tanks and pressure storage tanks are used throughout the refinery for storage of crudes, intermediate hydrocarbons (during the process), and finished products. Tanks are also provided for fire water, process and treatment water, acids, additives, and other chemicals. The type, construction, capacity and location of tanks depends on their use and materials stored.

FLARE
A flare is a pressure safety relief device used throughout the petroleum industry. It is used to ensure that equipment does not exceed the limits set for maintaining the safety and integrity of a process unit.

WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Wastewater treatment is used for process, runoff, and sewerage water prior to discharge or recycling.
Pretreatment Operations Secondary Treatment Operations Tertiary Treatment Operations

PIPELINE

 Process and utility piping distribute hydrocarbons, steam, water, and other products throughout the facility. Their size and construction depend on the type of service, pressure, temperature, and nature of the products. Vent, drain, and sample connections are provided on piping, as well as provisions for blanking

BALLAST WATER

 Were prepared to assist port and harbour authorities and ships masters, operators and owners in providing a precautionary approach to the management of ballast water in order to avoid and minimise the risk of introducing harmful non-native species and diseasecausing micro-organisms.

SLOP OIL HANDLING SYSTEMS

 Waste products from process stream spillage, overflow and controlled collections from on-site drainage systems. After consolidating in a drainage sump the fluids will likely separate, with inert solid wastes settling at the bottom of the sump along with the water and oil in the upper portion of the containment pit

REFERENCE
Waste & Slop Oil, 2011, Colfax, [Online]. [Accessed 16th August, 2011]. Available from World Wide Web: http://www.colfaxcorp.com/waste-slop oil

Occupational Safety & Health Administration, [Online]. [Accessed 16th August 2011]. Available from World Wide Web: http://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/otm_iv/otm_iv_2.html