Pumps Types & its Components

Prepared By :Vipul Joshi

Presentation Layout
Introduction Types Pumps Cavitation NPSH Priming Positive Displacement Pumps Comparison
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Introduction
Pump is a machine which is used to add energy to fluid It is the oldest fluid energy transfer device known Pumps are divided into two main classes Centrifugal Pumps Positive displacement pumps
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Centrifugal Pumps
In this class of pumps mechanical energy of liquid is increased by centrifugal action They generally provide higher flow rates Ineffective to handle high viscosity liquids

Centrifugal Pumps
Main Parts of pump are Casing Impeller Diffuser (Volute) Shaft

1. 2. 3. 4.

Working Principle

Working Principle (Cont.1)

Fluid enters axially through the eye of casing is caught in impeller vanes Impeller imparts rotary motion to the liquid and pushing it to outer periphery The fluid gains both pressure and velocity while passing through impeller The diffuser decelerates the flow and increases the pressure as area is gradually decreased
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Impeller Classification
The figure shows most common classes of impellers Open Impeller Semi open Impeller Closed Impeller

Closed Impeller
highly efficient but cannot handle liquids containing solid particles This impeller type is enclosed on both sides by a cover plate or a shroud It will develop high pressures with very very limited losses

Semi open Impeller

This type of impellers a solid plate is attached to only one side of blades This impeller type is used for handling water with limited amounts of solids

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Open Impeller
Open impeller pumps have no plates or shrouds attached to the impeller Used primarily to handle high solids content liquids Large open impeller pumps can be used to handle liquid at 10 to 15 percent solids contents
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Multistage Centrifugal Pumps

An economical approach to develop higher head (pressure) from single pump is to add stages A stage means number of impellers attached to single shaft Delivery of first impeller is suction of second
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Multistage Centrifugal Pumps

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Cavitation
Process of formation and rapid collapse of vapor is called Cavitation If pressure of working liquid is less than vapor pressure of liquid vapors formation will occur eye of impeller When this bubble reaches area of high pressure (grater than vapor pressure) it will burst This process will lead to formation of cavities on edge of impeller
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Cavitation effects
Cavitation will lead to pitting of impellers Fluctuations in flow rates and discharge pressure Excessive pump vibration leading to the damage of bearings,seals and wearing rings Fluctuations in pump motor current
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NPSH
To avoid Cavitation, the pressure at pump inlet must exceed by certain value called net positive suction head It is 2 to 3 m (5 to 10 ft) for small centrifugal pumps It increases with pump capacity, impeller speed and discharge pressure. For very large pumps its value is 15m
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How to avoid Cavitation

Increase level of liquid on suction Increase suction pressure by filling the space above liquid in suction tank NPSH available can be increased by decreasing temperature of liquid Reduce head loss factors Reduce impeller speed or discharge pressure
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Priming
Removal of gas or vapor from pump body by using liquid to be pumped Centrifugal pumps are not self primed and need priming before startup To keep pump primed all the time locate suction source higher than pump level

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Positive Displacement Pumps

PD pumps displace definite quantity of liquid with each revolution of the pumping elements (i.e., gears, rotors, screws, vanes) PD pumps displace liquid by creating a space between the pumping elements and trapping liquid in the space. The rotation of the pumping elements then reduces the size of the space and moves the liquid out of the
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Positive Displacement Pumps

PD are either rotary or reciprocating They deliver pulsating flow regardless of liquid viscosity The mammalian heart is good example of PD Pumps They develop high pressure

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Working Principle

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Classification
PD Pumps

Reciprocating Pumps

Rotary Pumps

Piston

Plunger Diaphragm Gear Lobe Screw Vane

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Reciprocating Pumps
Reciprocating member may be piston, plunger or diaphragm These may be single or double acting A single acting fills chamber in suction stroke and displaces out in delivery stroke A double acting has simultaneous action
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Reciprocating Pumps

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Piston Pumps

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Piston Pumps (Cont.1)

Most of them are double acting with liquid admitted alternately on each side of piston so one part is being filled and other being emptied Piston may be motor driven or steam Have maximum efficiency in this class of pumps They handle liquids which are free of solids
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Plunger Pumps

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Plunger Pumps
For higher pressure plunger pumps are used They handle liquids which are sticky A heavy walled small diameter cylinder contains a closely fitted reciprocating plunger which is an extension of piston rod
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Diaphragm Pumps

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Diaphragm Pumps
Reciprocating motion of Diaphragm is created by mechanical means ,compressed air or fluid Diaphragm is flexible member of metal, plastic or rubber No packing and sealing Useful in handling corrosive and toxic liquids Disadvantage is limited capacity and pressure
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Rotary Pumps
Used in a wide range of applications liquids, slurries, and pastes As they displace a known quantity of liquid with each revolution of the pump shaft, they are a popular choice for metering They can accommodate high viscosity liquids, high pressures, and high capacities Need no check valves
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Gear Pumps

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Gear Pumps (Cont.1)

Advantages
High speed i. ii. Medium pressure ii. iii. Relatively quiet operation iv. Design accommodates wide variety of materials
i.

Disadvantages
No solids allowed Fixed End Clearances

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Lobe Pumps

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Lobe Pumps (Cont.1)

Lobe pumps are similar to gear pumps in operation that fluid flows around the interior of the casing Pass medium solids Non-pulsating discharge Low pressure applications

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Screw Pumps

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Screw Pumps
Screw pumps carry fluid in the spaces between the screw threads The fluid is displaced axially as the screws mesh They may be single or multi screw

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Vane Pump

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Comparison
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Centrifugal Pumps Simple in construction Lesser number of parts Less wear and tear Can run at high speed Continuous delivery

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Positive displacement Complicated in construction More number of parts More wear and tear Can not run at high speed Pulsating delivery
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Comparison (Cont.1)
6. No check valve 7. Needs priming 8. Suitable for high flow rates and less pressure requirements 6. Check valve may or may not be needed 7. They are self primed 8. Suitable for less flow rates and higher pressure requirements
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