PILL CAMERA

Submitted by, Jincy John R7,CSE TEC,Oyoor Guided By, Mrs.Athira .A.S Asst.prof.,CSE TEC,Oyoor

ABSTRACT
It is a way to record images of the digestive tract for use in medicine It can examine areas of small intestine that cannot be seen by other types of endoscopy The pill cam was approved by the FDA in september 2007 It produces high quality images

CONTENTS
Introduction Endoscopy About the company About the product Specifications Inside the pillcam Procedure Applications Advantages Disadvantages Future improvements Conclusion
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INTRODUCTION
Capsule Endoscopy is a way to record images of the digestive tract for use in medicine The capsule is the size and shape of a pill and contains a tiny camera After a patient swallows a capsule,it takes pictures of the inside of the GI tract The primary use of CE is to examine areas of the small intestine that cannot be seen by other types of endoscopy
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ENDOSCOPY
Endoscopy :using an instrument to visually examine the interior of a hollow organ or cavity Commonly used methods of GI endoscopy are 1.upper intestinal endoscopy 2.colonoscopy 3.X-rays 4.CT scans 5.MRI 6.surgery Patient feel discomfort by these techniques Difficult to diagnose the small intestine disorders Capsule camera can easily diagnose the small intestine disorders
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Figure:1

ABOUT THE COMPANY

Developed by GIVEN IMAGING Ltd Located in Yoqneam,Israel Provides the product world wide www.GivenImaging.com
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About the product

Used in the detection of abnormalities of the small bowel Battery powered,vitamin pill size diagnostic capsule Lens,light source,color video camera,transmitter
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SPECIFICATIONS
Diameter of 11mm and a length of 26mm Bullet shape: This shape and its diameter are critical for mapping the small intestine Uses silver oxide button batteries Weight:3.7 grams Frame Rate:2images/second Magnification:8x Price:US$450/each
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INSIDE THE PILLCAM

1.Optical dome 2.Lens holder 3.Lens 4.Illuminating LEDs 5.CMOS 6.Battery 7.ASIC 8.Antenna
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Figure 2: components of PillCam by Given Imaging Ltd (Yokneam,

1.Optical dome Front part of capsule Easy orientation Easy propelling Bullet shaped This shape results in easy orientation of the capsule axis along the central axis of small intestine and so helps propel the capsule forward easily. The Optical Dome contains the Light Receiving Window . It is made of non conductor material which is harmless to the body. The window along with the container are sealed to prevent infiltration of digestive fluids inside the capsule

2.Lens holder Holds lens tightly and avoids dislocation Is the part of the capsule which accommodates the lens The lens is tightly fixed to the holder so that it doesnt get dislocated any time

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3.LENS The lens is an integral component of the capsule. It is arranged behind the Light Receiving Window. Light passes through this window and falls on the lens The light is then focused on the CMOS Image Sensor arranged behind the lens

4.ILLUMINATING LED's Non-reflection coating is performed on the inner and outer surfaces of the Light Receiving Window so that light irradiated from the LEDs may pass through the light receiving window smoothly and illuminate an object.

5.CMOS IMAGE SENSOR During an eight hour procedure, the camera obtains approximately57,000 high quality images at a rate of 2 frames per second.
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6.BATTERY Silver Oxide primary batteries are used,which is disposable and doesnt cause harm to the body.

7.ASIC TRANSMITTER TheASIC(Application Specific IC) Transmitter is arranged behind the batteries Two Transmitting Electrodes are connected to the outlines of the ASIC Transmitter. These electrodes are electrically isolated from each other

8.ANTENNA The Antenna receives the data from the ASIC Transmitter and sends it to the Data Recorder tied to the patients waist. The dome containing the Antennae is made of non conducting material which is harmless to the human body. Parylene coated onto polyethylene or polypropylene is used
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SMALL INTESTINE IMAGING IN 3 EASY STEPS

1. Ingesting the M2Acapsule
1. 2. 3.

2. Undergoing the procedure 3. Viewing the results

Figure:3
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PROCEDURE

Over night 12 hour fast

Sensors placed on patient Patient wears a belt that contains a battery pack and data recorder. Patient ingests capsule around 8am Patient may have clears two hours after ingestion Patient may have a light lunch 4 hours after ingestion The patient goes about his or her daily routine while the capsule passes painlessly through the GI tract. Patient returns 7-8 hours later. After downloading images,doctor can view the 3Dimages and diagnose the problem Capsule Exerts in a normal way,so it is disposable 15

SENSOR ARRAY
Several Wires are attached to the abdomen like ECG leads to obtain images by radiofrequency. These wires are connected to a light weight data recorder worn on a belt. Used to calculate and indicate the position of capsule in the body

Figure:4

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DATA RECORDER
Data recorder receives and records signals transmitted by the camera to an array of sensor placed on the patients body. It is of the size of walkman It receives and stores50000 to 60000 JPEG images on a 9 GB hard drive. Images take several hours to download through serial connection. Figure:5

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BELT
A patient wear a receiver belt around his or her waist over clothing. A belt is applied around the waist and holds a recording device and a battery pack RAPID WORKSTATION Reporting and Processing of Images and Data. Image data from the data recorder is downloaded to a computer equipped with software called RAPID Application software Helps to convert images into a movie and allows the doctor to view the color 3D images .

Figure:6

Figure:7

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AVERAGE TRANSIT TIMES

Stomach:30 to 60 minutes Small Intestine :4 hours Capsule Passage:2-3 days

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APPLICATIONS
Biggest impact in the medical industry Can detect esophageal diseases Gastro esophageal reflux disease Barrett's esophagus Crohn's disease
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ADVANTAGES
Painless, no side affects or complications Miniature size, so can easily move through the digestive system Accurate, precise and low power consumption Image taken are of very high quality which are sent almost instantaneously to the data recorder for storage Avoids risk in sedation and radiation
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DISADVANTAGES
Gastrointestinal obstructions and swallowing disorders prevent free flow of capsule through the digestive system Patients with pacemakers, pregnant women and all pediatrics have to be monitored continuously while taking the capsule The M2A procedure is not a replacement for colonoscopy Very expensive It is not reusable Batteries may not last long

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FUTURE IMPROVEMENTS
Equipping the capsule with a LASER Adding additional features like zooming and auto focus Further reduction in size using nano technology Making it cost effective Longer battery life
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CONCLUSION
The given M2A endoscopy capsule is a pioneering concept of medical technology of the 21st century. The endoscopy system is the first of its kind to be able to provide non-invasive imaging of the entire small intestine.

It has revolutionized the field of diagnostic imaging to a great extend and has proved to be of great help to physicians all over the world.

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REFERENCES
www.scribd.com www.GivenImaging.com

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THANKYOU

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