INTRODUCTION

The immune system helps the body defend against various microbes and pollutants. However, the immune system itself can have various failings. An impaired immune system is called immunocompromise and can leave the body vulnerable to various viral, bacterial, or fungal opportunistic infections. Causes of immune deficiency can include various illnesses such as viruses, chronic illness, or immune system illnesses (especially AIDS).

1.)SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS

Lupus is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation (swelling). Autoimmune conditions occur when the immune system attacks the body's own cells because they are mistaken for antigens (foreign substance that causes an immune response) When internal organs are involved, the condition is called systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) The condition is not always progressive More common in women than men

Pathophysiology
it is generally accepted that genetic factors, sex hormones, alternations in T- and Blymphocyte activity and defects in RESfunction contribute to the development of SLE. In an SLE patient, symptoms and severity of the disease are linked to the pattern of autoantibodies expressed, referring to some pathophysiological importance of antibodies found in SLE

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS

Most common: -joint pain and swelling -arthritis Other symptoms: -Chest pain when taking a deep breath -Fatigue -Fever with no other cause -General discomfort, uneasiness, or ill feeling (malaise) -Hair loss -Mouth sores -Sensitivity to sunlight -Skin rash -- a "butterfly" rash over the cheeks and bridge of the nose affects-about half of people with SLE. The rash gets worse in sunlight. The rash may also be widespread.

DIAGNOSTIC TEST
Antibody tests, including:
Antinuclear antibody (ANA) panel Anti-double strand (ds) DNA Antiphospholipid antibodies Anti-Smith antibodies

CBC to show low white blood cells, hemoglobin, or platelets Chest x-ray showing pleuritis or pericarditis Kidney biopsy Urinalysis to show blood, casts, or protein in the urine

TREATMENT
There is no cure for SLE. Treatment is aimed at controlling symptoms. Your individual symptoms determine your treatment. Mild disease that involves a rash, headaches, fever, arthritis, pleurisy, and pericarditis does not need much therapy. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) are used to treat arthritis and pleurisy. Corticosteroid creams are used to treat skin rashes. An antimalaria drug (hydroxychloroquine) and low-dose corticosteroids are sometimes used for skin and arthritis symptoms. You should wear protective clothing, sunglasses, and sunscreen when in the sun. Severe or life-threatening symptoms (such as hemolytic anemia, extensive heart or lung involvement, kidney disease, or central nervous system involvement) often require treatment by a rheumatologist and other specialists. Corticosteroids or medications to decrease the immune system response may be prescribed to control the various symptoms. Cytotoxic drugs (drugs that block cell growth) are used to treat people who do not respond well to corticosteroids, or who are unable to stop taking corticosteroids without their symptoms

2) ALLERGY
Allergy is a hypersensitive disorder of the immune system Allergic reactions occur to normally harmless environmental substances known as allergens; these reactions are acquired, predictable, and rapid.

Pathophysiology
It is characterized by excessive activation of certain white blood cells called mast cells and basophils by a type of antibody known as IgE, resulting in an extreme inflammatory response. Common allergic reactions include eczema, hives, hay fever, asthma attacks, food allergies, and reactions to the venom of stinging insects such as wasps and bees.

Signs & Symptoms

Common symptoms of allergy Affected organ Symptom Nose swelling of the nasal mucosa(allergic rhinitis) Sinuses allergic sinusitis Eyes redness and itching of the conjunctiva (allergic conjunctivitis) Airways Sneezing, coughing, bronchoconstriction, wheezing and dyspnea, sometimes outright attacks of asthma, in severe cases the airway constricts due to swelling known as laryngeal edema Ears feeling of fullness, possibly pain, and impaired hearing due to the lack of eustachian tube drainage. Skin rashes, such as eczema and hives (urticaria) Gastrointestinal tract abdominal pain, bloating, vomiting, diarrhea

Diagnostic Test
Skin test Blood test

Treatment
Pharmacotherapy Immunotherapy

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