WCDMA Radio Theory

ZTE University

Objectives
At the end of this course, you will be able to:
Master basic radio theory Understand IMT-2000 spectrum planning Master principles of Spread Spectrum Communication

Content
Radio Basics 3G Spectrum Planning Principles of Spread Spectrum Communication

Duplex mode

TDD modeSame frequency between uplink and downlink Adaptable to any frequency TDD ( Time division duplexing band Such as TD-SCDMA) Suitable for both asymmetric and symmetric DUDDDDDD services between uplink and downlink FDD modeFrequency pairing between uplink and FDDFrequency division duplexing downlink Such as WCDMA and CDMA2000 Paired frequency band D DDDDDD needed Suitable for symmetric services between uplink U and downlink

Multiple Access Technologies

Multiple access technologies enable various users access public communication line but without interference.
Three methods are frequently used: FDMA, TDMA and CDMA

FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)

FDMA

Traffic channels are assigned to different users at different frequency band, such as TACS, AMPS.

Users are using different frequency

Time FDMA

Frequency

TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)

TDMA Traffic channels are assigned to different users at different time, such as GSM, DAMPS.

Users are using different time slot

Time
TDMA

Frequency

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

CDMA Traffic channels are assigned to users at same time, same frequency band, but with different code.

Time

Users are using different orthogonal code sequence

CDMA Code

Frequency

CDMA Application

Users are distinguished by code Self-interference system CDMA is a system subject to interference (GSM is a system subject to frequency)

BS2 BS1 Freq. 1

Code D

Freq. 1

Frequency Reuse

GSM900/1800:

3G (WCDMA):

Wireless Transmission TechnologyRTT Requirements

Data

144 kbps High speed and driving 384 kbps Modest speed and walking 2 Mbps Low speed and indoor 4.75Kb/s -- 12.2Kb/s

Voice

Information transmission at variable rate according to bandwidth requirements Delay requirements of different business

3G services
Bit Error

Different QOS requirements

Delay

3G services
Categories Actual Service Voice Video Call Real-time Delay (One-way) <150ms <150ms Bearer Speed 12.2kbps 64kbps

VoIP
Interaction Game Real-time Voice Streaming

<150ms
<250ms <2s <2s <4s <4s <4s No strict No strict

15.3~39.6kbps
N/A 4.7~25kbps 64kbps~2Mbps N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Streaming Real-time Video Streaming Web Browsing Interaction WAP Browsing E-commerce Background FTP E-mail

Contents
Radio Basics 3G Spectrum Planning Principles of Spread Spectrum Communication

IMT-2000 Spectrum Allocation

1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2010 MHz MSS 2025 MHz 2100 2150 2200

ITU
1885 MHz

IMT 2000

IMT 2000
2110 MHz

MSS

2170 MHz MSS

Europe

GSM 1800 DECT

UMTS
FDD WLL CDMA
1960 1920 1945

MSS

UMTS

China

FDD WLL GSM TDD CDMA WLL 1800

1865

Japan
1865 1870 1885 1890

1980

PHS
1910

IMT 2000
1930 1945 1965 1970 1975

MSS

IMT 2000

MSS

1990 MHz MSS

2165 MHz

USA

PCS A D B EF C A D B EF C

Broadcast auxiliary

Reserve

MSS

1850

1900

1950

2000

2050

2100

2150

2200

3G Spectrum Allocation in ChinaNov, 2002

1850 1900 1950 2000 MSS 2025 MHz 2010 MHz 1980 MHz
FDD

2050

2100

2150

2200 MSS

2250

ITU
1885 MHz

IMT 2000

IMT 2000
2110 MHz

2170 MHz

1920 MHz 1880 MHz

China

TDD

MSS TDD MSS

FDD

MSS

2170 MHz

1850

1900

1950

2000

2050

2100

2150

2200

2250

3G Spectrum Allocation in China

1755 1785

1850 1880

1920

1980 2010 2025

2110

2170 2200 2300

2400

Satellite

Empty

Satellite

30 MHz

60 MHz

40 MHz

15 MHz

100 MHz

FDD

TDD

155MHz

3G Spectrum Planning in China

Main Operating Frequency Band FDD mode1920-1980 MHz / 2110-2170 MHz TDD mode1880-1920MHz2010-2025 MHz Supplementary Operating Frequency Band FDD mode1755-1785 MHz / 1850-1880 MHz TDD mode2300-2400MHz Frequency Band for Satellite Mobile Communication System 1980-2010 MHz / 2170-2200 MHz The frequency bands, 825 - 835 MHz / 870 - 880 MHz, 885 915 MHz / 930 - 960 MHz and 1710 - 1755 MHz / 1805 - 1850 MHz, which are currently allocated to public mobile communication system are also allocated to expanded frequency bands of 3G public communication system, but frequency using mode remains the same for both uplink and downlink.

Contents
Radio Basics 3G Spectrum Planning Principles of Spread Spectrum Communication

Transceiver Data Processing

Handset Data

Encoding Interleaving

Baseband Modulation

Spectrum Spreading

Scramblin g

Radio Frequency Modulation

Radio Channel

Handset Data

Decoding Deinterleaving

Baseband Demodulation

Desprea ding

Descrambling

Radio Frequency Demodulation

Channel Encoding

Encoding PurposeTo add redundancy information into the original data flow, which enables the receiver to detect and correct signal errors due to transmission media, and meanwhile, to increase data transmission speed.
No ECCBER<10-1 ~ 10-2 Convolution Code BER<10-3 Turbo CodeBER<10-6 Cannot meet communication needs

Cannot meet voice communication needs

Meet data communication needs

High performance channel code was used in WCDMA, which improved system performance Coding & Decoding greatly reduced signal-noise ratio at operating point, which is frequently used in wireless transmission. Turbo code can make the transmission signal noise ratio close to Shannon limit

Principles of Channel Encoding

Channel Encoding

Channel encoding is to add redundancy information to original data, and thus gain error correcting capability Currently, convolution code and Turbo code are mostly used.1/2, 1/3 Encoding increased invalid load and transmission time. Suitable to correct a small amount of non-continuous error.

Interleaving Technology

InterleavingDisrupt the original data arrangement role, and reorder according to certain sequence. FunctionReduce the effects by fast fading of the channel. Input Output x1 x6 x11 x16 x21
A = (x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x25)
x2 x7 x3 x8 x4 x9 x5 x10 x22 x23 x24 x25

A= (x1 x6 x11 x16 x25)

Disadvantages

Additional delay caused In specific circumstance, several independent random errors might intertwined to burst error.

The Use of Channel Encoding and Interleaving

Encode

Interleave

Decode

Deinterleave

Interleaving Technology

Interleaving Disrupt the original data arrangement role, and reorder according to certain sequence. Funtion Reduce the effects by fast fading of the channel. Advantages: Interleaving is to change the data flow transmission sequence, and randomize burst errors. Improve the effectiveness of error-correcting codes. Disadvantages Due to the transmission sequence change of data flow, error correcting can only be performed after the whole data package is received, which increased delay time. Therefore, different interleaving depth should be chosen in accordance with different service requirements. In specific circumstance, several independent random errors might intertwined to burst error.

Transceiver Data Processing

Handset Data

Encoding Interleaving

Baseband Modulation

Spectrum Spreading

Scramb ling

Radio Frequency Modulation

Radio Channel Baseband Demodulati on

Handset Data

Decoding Deinterleav ing

Despre ading

Descrambli ng

Radio Frequency Demodulation

Definition of Spread Spectrum Communication

Spread SpectrumSS: Spread Spectrum) Communication is referred as SS Communication. SS Communication: To modulate at sending terminal with spread spectrum code, and make the occupied frequency bandwidth of the signal is more larger than the essential bandwidth; while at the receiving terminal, same spread spectrum code will be used to demodulate and despread, thus to recover the information and data that been transferred. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) CDMA uses a direct sequence spread spectrum, which is to directly mix the signals that need to transfer with pseudorandom sequence code (spreading code) whose speed is much higher than information speed. This way, the spectrum bandwidth of the modulated signal becomes much bigger than the original one. Frequency Hopping (FH) Time Hopping (TH)

Several Forms of CDMA

DS-CDMA: Multiple users are taking the same frequency resource at exactly the same time and same place; FH-CDMASingle user is taking a narrow spectrum bandwidth at single moment; the occupied frequency changes over time according to certain rules, which was determined by the address code. TH-CDMASingle user is taking a wide spectrum time to time; the occupied time changes according to certain rules, which was determined by the address code.

Spread Spectrum Communication Basics

Spread Spectrum Communication is a technology to transmit signal after its spectrum was expanded. Its theoretical foundation is Shannon theorem

C=B*log2(1+S/N)
CChannel Capacity, Unit b/s BSignal BandwidthUnit Hz SAverage Signal PowerUnit W NAverage Noise PowerUnit W
ConclusionWhen channel capacity C keeps the same, signal bandwidth B and S/N ratio can definitely be exchanged, which means, a satisfactory transmission quality can be gained by increasing transmission system bandwidth at a low S/N ratio.

Direct Spread Spectrum Communication

Spread-spectrum signal

Low speed signal

Demodulated signal

TX

RX

High speed spread-spectrum sequences High speed spread-spectrum sequences

Speed of spread-spectrum code3.84Mc/s Spread-spectrum code OVSF code

The Orthogonality of Code Sequences

Orthogonality of Code Sequences

Accumulation of 0 indicates orthogonality

WCDMA System Spreading Code (Channelization Code)

WCDMA spreading code is generated by Walsh function, which is called OVSF code (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor code), OVSF codes becomes zero when cross-correlating with each other, and they are completely orthogonal. Walsh function is a non-sinusoidal but completely orthogonal function system, which can be constituted through recurrence relations of Hadamard matrix H. Because its possible values can only be +1 and -1 (or 0 and 1), thus makes it suitable to express and process digital signals. Walsh function is of the ideal cross-correlation properties. In Walsh function, the cross-correlation function of each two is 0, which means they are orthogonal for each other.

OVSF- Orthogonal variable spreading factor

OVSFOrthogonal variable spreading factor

C ch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1) C = (1,1) ch,2,0 C = (1,1,-1,-1) ch,4,1

= (1) ch,1,0 C C = (1,-1) ch,2,1 = (1,-1,1,-1) ch,4,2

= (1,-1,-1,1) ch,4,3

SF = 1

SF = 2

SF = 4

Spread Spectrum of WCDMA System

Data Symbol

Spread Spectrum Chip

OVSF Code

Scrambling Code

Symbol Speed Spreading FactorChip Speed

SF for uplink channel code4~256

SF for downlink channel code4~512

WCDMA Spread Spectrum Illustration

1

User data -1+1-1-1+1-1 SS code +1-1-1+1-1+1+1-1 SS signal User dataSS code

1 Spread spectrum 1 1 1

1
Despread 1 1 1 1

Despread data User dataSS code

WCDMA Despread

Despread method

Input signal
Ts (*)dt
0

Despread output

Judge at the time when T=Ts Integration Local PN code

Example of Spread/Despread Process

-1 1

Spread
1 -1 1 -1

-1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1

Despread
1 -1 1 -1 1 1 1 1

-1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1
-1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1

Integration

-4
0

4
0

Judge

-1

Different users are using different spread spectrum code

Example of Spread/Despread
S1

S1xC1

Spread
W S2XC2

S2

Air Interface

S [S1xC1+S2xC2]xC1=S1 N

Despread
(S1xC1)+(S2xC2)

[S1xC1+S2xC2]xC2=S2

Orthogonality of C1 and C2C1xC2=0

Quality Factor of Spread Spectrum Eb/No

PG=Wc/R
Wc is chip rate R is information rate

PG

Eb/No

Signals from other users

Relation between Eb/N0 and PG

Signal Power Bit Rate S R E/t B/t Noise Power Bandwidth N W

Eb =

N0 =

Eb = N0

S R

Signal to Noise

=
N W

S R

W N

S N

W R
Processing Gain

The more the expansion multiples, the higher the processing gain, the stronger the anti-jamming capability

SS Communication Illstration
Sf Sf

Signal Signal

f Signal spectrum before spreading

f0

f Signal spectrum after spreading

f0

Sf

Sf

Interference noise

Signal Interference noise

Signal
f0

Signal spectrum before despreading

f Signal spectrum after despreading

f0

Signal

Narrow-band interference

Broad-band interference

Features of SS Communication

Strong anti-jamming capability High privacy Low emission power Easy practice of larger-capacity and multi-access communication Broad frequency band

Transceiver Data Processing

Encoding Interleaving Handset Data Baseband Modulation Spectrum Spreading Scramb ling Radio Frequency Modulation

Radio Channel Hands et Data Decoding Deinterleav ing

Baseband Demodulation

Despre ading

Descrambli ng

Radio Frequency Demodulation

Introduction to Scrambling

Data Bit

Chip after spreading

OVSF code

Scrambling

Scrambling make user information pseudo-randomized, which raised information privacy WCDMA scrambling is a Gold code sequence generated from the superimposition of two m sequences (the maximum-length linear shift register sequences) Scrambling is made up of uplink scrambling and downlink scrambling, with different functions respectively

Scrambling in WCDMA System

Scrambling in WCDMA system is a kind of pseudo-random sequence (PN code)

It has the properties similar to noise sequence, apparently random but actually a binary sequence with regular periodic manner. By scrambling, user data are further randomized, which strengthened privacy, and meanwhile, made multiple access communication more convenient.

WCDMA Scrambling code is Sequence generated by GOLD Gold sequence is of wonderful auto-correlating property, and its sub-sequences are of small correlation, which is used in CDMA for distinguishing cells and users to conduct multiple access

Functions of Uplink/Downlink Scrambling

Uplink scrambling contains 224 codes, which are used to distinguish different users in same cell.

There are long scrambling codes and short scrambling codes, in which, short scrambling codes are used for multiple user detection.

Downlink scrambling contains 218-1 codes, which are used to distinguish different cells.

The frequently used scrambling codes are 01 8191made up of totally 512 collections, and each collection contains one primary scrambling code and 15 secondary scrambling codes. 512 primary scrambling codes make 64 scrambling code groups, and each group contains 8 primary scrambling codes.

Transceiver Data Processing

Spectrum Spreading Handset Data Encoding Interleaving Baseband Modulation Scramb ling Radio Frequency Modulation

Radio Channel
Hands et Data
Baseband Demodulation Decoding Deinterleavi ng Despre ading

Descrambli ng

Radio Frequency Demodulation

WCDMA Modulation

Uplink Modulation BPSK Downlink Modulation QPSK (16QAM modulation was introduced in HSDPA stage)

Physical Channel Spread-Spectrum Modulation Process-Downlink

Serial-Parallel Switch Cch,SF,m Downlink physical channel 1 j Downlink physical Cch,SF,m channel 2 Serial-Parallel Switch j I+jQ

Sdl,n

G1 I+jQ

Sdl,n

P-SCH S-SCH Gp Gp

Pulse Forming Separation of real parts and imaginary parts Pulse Im(T) Forming

G2

Re(T)

cos(wt)

-sin(wt)

Physical Channel Spread-Spectrum Modulation Process-Uplink

Cd,1 DPDCH1 DPDCH3 DPDCH5 DPDCH2 DPDCH4 DPDCH6 DPCCH cc cc Cd,3 Cd,5 d d d I+jQ Cd,2 Cd,4 Cd,6 Cc d d d c Q I Sdpch,n

Q
j cos(wt)

Re(S)

Pulse Forming

Separation of real parts and imaginary parts Im(S) Pulse Forming -sin(wt)

Questions

1Channel, Multiple Access and Multiplexing 2 Functions of Encoding and Interleaving 3 Principles of Spread Spectrum 4 Realization of Spread Spectrum in WCDMA