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MOLE

Objectives
1. Identify different modes of measuring amount of items 2. Improve ones visual conceptions of atoms, molecules, elements and compounds, phases of matter, solution and reaction

Objectives
3. Solve problems in finding molar mass 4. Convert mole to mass and vice versa 5. Convert mole to particles

MAIN IDEA
Mole concept is a powerful tool for measuring chemical quantities. It provides a link between the invisible ( micro) world of the atom and the visible ( macro) world we are in.

Atomic Mass
Mass of an atom expressed relative to the mass assigned to carbon-12

H2O H 2 x 1.0 amu = 2.0 amu O 1 x 16.0 amu = 16.0 amu 18.0 amu

Formula Mass
Sum of the atomic masses of all the atom in a compound

Sample Problem
Vinegar = acetic acid ( HC2H3O2) What is the formula mass of acetic acid?

PLAN
The formula mass is found by first multiplying the atomic mass of each element by the number of atoms of that element in the formula. The products of these numbers are added together to find the mass of the entire formula.

SOLVE Vinegar = acetic acid ( HC2H3O2)


H : 4 atoms x 1.0 amu = 4.0 amu C : 2 atoms x 12.0 amu = 24.0 amu O : 2 atoms x 16.0 amu = 32.0 amu
60.0 amu Formula mass = 60. 0 amu

TRY THIS!
Carbonic acid ( H2CO3) is found in carbonated drinks. What is the formula mass of carbonic acid? Ascorbic acid ( C6H8O6) ANSWER: Carbonic acid = 62.0 amu Ascorbic acid = 176.0 amu

Mass ratio of Hydrogen to Oxygen


Mass Mass of Mass of Ratios of Hydroge Oxygen number n (amu) ( amu) of atom Ratio of Masses

1 2 5 10 20

1.0 2.0 5.0 10.0 20.0

16 32 80 160 320

1:16 1:16 1:16 1:16 1:16

A mole of any element is defined as the number of atom of that element equal to the number atoms in exactly 12.0 grams of carbon-12 AVOGADROs number (N)

= 6.02 x 1023

MOLE We often measure the amount of something by count, by mass, or by volume.


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In chemical reactions, atoms, molecules & salts react in specific ratios. A chemist must be able to count molecules in order to run a reaction without having any leftover reactants.

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Atoms and molecules are very small. We need a very large number of atoms in order for a sample to be seen and worked with in a lab. The mole is a very big number!

The mole is the SI unit used to measure quantity. A mole is 6.02 x 1023 particles 602 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 6.02 x 1023 is Avogadros number

A mole is 6.02 x 1023 representative particles

Representative particles
The representative particle for covalent compounds is the molecule. For most elements the r.p. is the atom, but for diatomic elements it is the molecule H2 N2 O2 F2 Cl2 Br2 I2 For salts it is the formula unit.

The official definition of one mole is the number of atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12.

The mole is a very big number!


A mole of inches is 1,616,434 light years, or across our galaxy and back 8 times! 6.02 X 1023 Donut Holes: Would cover the earth and be 5 miles (8 km) deep. 6.02 X 1023 Grains of Sand: Would be more than all of the sand on Miami Beach.

Converting moles to number of particles How many atoms are in 3.5 moles of Cu?
6.02x1023 atoms = 2.1 x 1024 3.5 moles Cu X atoms 1 mole Cu

6.02 x 3.5 21

21 x 1023 = 2.1 x 1024

Converting number of particles to moles


We have 3.0 x 1025 molecules of water. How many moles? 3.0 x 1025 X _____1 mole______ 6.02 x 1023 molecules
molecules

50 moles of water

3.0 x 10 6.02 x 1023


25

3.0 x 1025 6.02 1023

0.5 x 10(25-23) = 0.5 x 102 = 5 x 101 50 moles of water

The atomic mass is the mass of a single atom of a specific element (with units of amu). The mass of one mole of a specific element (measured in grams) is known as its molar mass. The numerical value of both are equal, only the units change.

One atom of calcium has an atomic mass of 40.078amu. One mole of calcium has a molar mass of 40.078g.

Lead 207.2amu per atom 207.2g per mole

The molar mass of a substance can be determined from its atomic mass or formula mass

During photosynthesis, plants produce glucose ( C6H12O6), which is a sugar. What is the molar mass of glucose?
C : 12 amu/atom x 6 atoms = 72 amu H : 1.0 amu/atom x 12 atoms = 12 amu O : 16.0 amu/atom x 6 atoms = 96 amu Formula mass = 180 amu

The Mass of a Mole of an Element


One molar mass of carbon, sulfur, mercury, and iron are shown.

The Mass of a Mole of a Compound To calculate the molar mass of a compound, add the masses of the elements in the compound.

SO3 contains 1 S and 3 O 1 x 32.1(mass of S) = 32.1 g 3 x 16.0(mass of O) = 48.0g 32.1 + 48 = 80.1g/mol of SO3

Substitute the unit grams for atomic mass units. Thus 1 mol of SO3 has a mass of 80.1 g.

The Mass of a Mole of a Compound


Molar Masses of Glucose, Water, and Paradichlorobenzene

1 mole is 6.02 x 1023 of anything

10.4

Practice Problem
A. Find the molar mass of carbon monoxide CO. B. Stomach acid is made up of Hydrochloric acid ( HCl). What is the molar mass of HCl? ANSWERS : a. 28.0 g/mol or 28 .0 g b. 36.5 g/mol or 36.5 g

MOLE CONVERSION
NaCl has a mass of 11.2 grams. Formula mass 58.5 ( 23 amu + 35.5 amu) Molar mass 58.5 g/mole

DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
NaCl has a mass of 11.2 grams. 1 mol NaCl 11.2 g NaCl x 58.5 g NaCl = 0.191 mol NaCl
Thus, there is 0.191 mole of NaCl in a 11.2 g sample.

Suppose you have 2.50 moles of NaCl. How many grams do you have?
58.5 g NaCl 2.50 mol NaCl x 1 mol NaCl = 146 g NaCl
The mass of 2.50 mol of NaCl is 146 grams.

MASS

mol/g

g/mol

MOLE

To carry out a chemical reaction, you need 3.20 moles of zinc nitrate ( Zn (NO3)2). What is the mass of 3.20 mole of ( Zn (NO3)2)?

SOLVE: The molar mass of ( Zn (NO3)2) is 189.4 g/mol.


Zn: 65.4 amu/atom x 1 atom = 65.4 amu N: 14.0 amu/atom x 2 atom = 28.0 amu O : 16.0 amu/atom x 6 atom = 96.0 amu Formula mass = 189.4 amu Molar mass = 189.4 g/mol

To carry out a chemical reaction, you need 3.20 moles of zinc nitrate ( Zn (NO3)2). What is the mass of 3.20 mole of ( Zn (NO3)2)?

3.20 mol Zn (NO3)2 x 189.4 g Zn (NO3)2 1 mol Zn (NO3)2 = 606.08 g Zn (NO3)2

TRY THIS!
a. Find the mass of 0.650 mol P2O5 b. A bottle of NaNO3 contain 100.0 gram of the compound. How many moles of NaNO3 does it contain?

Particle and Mole


Particle 6.02 x 10 23 particle mol

___mol____ 6.02 x 10 23 particle

MOLE

Sample Problem
A piece of marble contains 8.74 x 10 23 formula units of calcium carbonate ( CaCO3). How many moles of CaCO3 is that? SOLVE: Set up your equation. Cancel unit and perform the necessary arithmetic.

8.74 x 10 23 CaCO3 x 1 mol CaCO3________ 6.02 x 10 23 CaCO3 = 1.45 mol CaCO3

BOARDWORK
A. Determine the number of atom in 0.36 mol Al B. How many mole of sodium carbonate ( Na2CO3) contain 7.9 x 1024 formula units?

Multistep Conversion
MASS PARTICLES

MOLES ( MOLAR MASS)

No. of Particles in 1 mole

Suppose you know that a given sample contain 7.2 x 10 23 atom of Ca. How can you determine the mass of the sample? STEPS 1.You must know your problem. 2.Convert the number of atom of Calcium to moles 3.Convert the number of moles to mass.

Suppose you know that a given sample contain 7.2 x 10 23 atom of Ca. How can you determine the mass of the sample?
7.2 x 10 23 atom Ca x 1 mol Ca 6.02 x 10 23atom Ca

40.1 g Ca 1 mol Ca = 4.8 g Ca

BOARDWORK
You need 250 gram of table sugar, or sucrose ( C12H22O11) to bake a cake. How many sucrose molecules will be in the cake? 250 g C12H22O11 x 1mol C12H22O11 342.3 g C12H22O11 x 6.02 x 10 23 molecule 1 mol C12H22O11

TRY THIS!
1. How many formula units of NaHCO3 are in 1.8 g of sodium bicarbonate ( Baking soda)? 2. If you burned 4.0 x 10 24 molecule of natural gas or methane ( CH4), during a laboratory experiment, what mass of methane did you burn?

Summary
1. A mole is the amount of substance which contains as many particles as there are carbon atoms in 12.000 g of C-12. This amount of C-12 contains 6.02 x 1023 atoms of carbon. 2. One mole of atoms of any element has a mass equal to its atomic mass expressed in grams.

Summary
3. One mole of molecules of an element or compound has a mass equal to its formula mass expressed in grams.

QUIZ
1. What is the mass of 1.75 moles of zinc atoms? 2. How many moles of atoms are there in 42.0 grams of aluminium? 3. How many atoms are in 0.675 mole of copper? 4. How many moles are there in 7.50 x 10 21 atoms of iron? 5. What is the mass of 6.25 x 10 20 formula units of lead (II) nitrate?

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