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How much sleep do you get at night? On a sticky dot, write the time you usually go to bed and the time you usually get up. For example, the dot below shows that a student goes to bed at 10:00 p.m. and wakes up at 6:00 a.m. On the scatter plot poster on the wall, find the time that you go to bed on the horizontal axis (the line that lies flat). Then trace straight up from that point high enough to be even with the time that you get up on the vertical axis (the line that stands straight up) and place your sticky dot on the graph.
When all the data is collected, work with your team to answer the questions below. Be sure to use the team role descriptions following this problem in your text. a. What is the most common bedtime for your class members? How can you tell?
In your own words, define the terms below. What do they mean to you? Histogram (birthday chart)
c. If you were to go to bed an hour earlier, how would your sticky dot move?
d. In general, how much sleep do students in your class get? 1-3. CATS AND DOGS Do you have pets? If so, what kind? For this activity, place your initials on two sticky dots. Then place one sticky dot on the class bar graph and one on the Venn diagram (shown below right). Then answer the questions below. a. Were you able to place your dot easily on both graphs? Was there anyone who had a hard time placing their dot on either of the graphs? Explain.
b. Is there any information that is easier to see from looking at the bar graph?
Venn diagrams?
1-4. SURVEYING THE CLASS Now you will work with your team to make up some questions to ask the class and design the graphs that will best represent the answers. Your task: Write down three questions that you could ask students in the class that will help you learn more about them. Think about a way to display the answers for each question. Then contribute your ideas to your team and, as a team, decide on your three favorite questions to ask. For each question, decide whether the answers should be shown on a histogram, a scatter plot, a bar graph, a Venn diagram, or whether there is another, better way to show the data. Try to ask questions that will give you the information you want. For example, asking Do you play sports? will get lots of yes and no answers, with no information about what types of sports people play. However, the question, What sport(s) do you play? will enable you to learn if you have soccer players, swimmers, or other athletes in your class. Some sample questions are provided below to help you get your conversations started .How many hours was the longest car or bus trip you have been on? How many cousins do you have? How did you get to school this morning? Brainstorm your 3 questions here- be sure that your questions are different from the other students around you! 1.
For the following questions, rank them on a scale of 1-5, 1 being the worst and 5 being the best. Circle one.
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What is something you GOT today that you feel really comfortable with or good about?
What is something you feel like you still NEED to know in order to understand this better?
Are all the colors equally likely to win? How can you decide?
1-8. LEARNING MORE ABOUT THE GAME If you want to win, is one color a better choice than the others? Is there a color that you should not pick? One way to answer these questions is to play the game and keep track of what happens. Your teacher will give you and a partner a Lesson 1.1.2A Resource Page and a coin with sides labeled + and . You and your partner will need a small object such as an eraser or paper clip to serve as a marker. Once you have all of your supplies, follow the directions below. a. Play the game several times and be sure to select a different color each time. Keep track of which colors win and lose each time in your interactive notebook. What do you notice?
b.After you and your partner have played the game at least five times, join with another pair of students to form a team and discuss the following questions: Does the color you choose seem to affect your chances of winning? Is each color choice equally likely to result in a win? Explain why or why not in as many ways as you can.
c.Play the game a few more times. Do your results seem to confirm your answers from part (b) above?
1-9. PLAYING THE GAME Now is the moment you have been waiting for! As a class, choose two colors (one for your class, one for your teacher) that you think will improve the classs chance of beating the teacher.
a.Is there any color you could choose that would guarantee that you would win this game every time that you played? Explain why or why not.
b.Is there a color that would guarantee that you would not win? Explain why or why not.
For the following questions, rank them on a scale of 1-5, 1 being the worst and 5 being the best. Circle one.
1-10. What makes a game fair? Discuss this question with your partner and then think about whether there is a way to change the rules of Color-Rama to make it a fair game. What are changes to the rules that you would recommend?
a.Play the game a few times with your new rules. Be prepared to describe to the class the changes you made and explain your reasons for making the changes.
Work with your team to find a way to explain how you know your game is fair or why you cannot make it fair.
For example 1-18. generalize this pattern by finding a way to describe any figure in the pattern. In other words, if you knew a figure number, how could you decide what the figure looks like, even if you cannot draw it?
Figure 3
Figure1
Figure 2
a. What should the 4th and 5th figures look like? Draw them on your paper.
Figure 4
Figure 5
b.How can you describe the way the pattern is growing? Can you find more than one way?
c.How many dots would be in the 10th figure of the pattern?__________ What would it look like? Draw it below.
d.How many dots would be in the 30th figure?____________ How can you describe the figure without drawing it? Can you describe it with numbers, and a diagram? Write your explanation below: words,
1-21. Additional Challenge: Study the dot pattern at right. a.Sketch the 4th and 5th figures.
b.Predict how many dots will be in the 10th figure.__________ Show how you know.
For the following questions, rank them on a scale of 1-5, 1 being the worst and 5 being the best. Circle one.
LEARNING LOG
your first entry, you will consider the process by which you worked with your team and your class to make sense of Trail Mix (problem 1-27). Please write the questions below in your interactive notebook and respond to them in full sentences. Title this entry Making Sense of a Challenging Problem and label it with todays date. What did people say or what questions did they ask that helped you to make sense of this problem?
Together make a guess (also called a conjecture) about which girl got more of the others snack item. Write your answer here:
What did you say or what questions did you ask that helped you to make sense of this problem? What would you advise another student to do in order to make sense of this problem?
Explain your conjecture with words, numbers and symbols, diagrams, models, or anything else you think will convince another student.
1-28. Rowena and Polly still cannot agree about who has more of the others item. Rowena is still sure that Polly got more of her raisins, and Polly is sure that Rowena got more of her peanuts. In order to make sense of what happened, they decided to try a simpler experiment. Rowena got a cup of 10 red beans, and Polly got a cup of 10 white beans. Polly gave 3 white beans to Rowena, and Rowena stirred them into her red ones. Then she closed her eyes and chose 3 beans from her mixture at random to give back to Polly. The girls then examined each cup. a.Try their experiment a few times with a partner. What happens each time? Trial 1 what happened?
For the following questions, rank them on a scale of 1-5, 1 being the worst and 5 being the best. Circle one.
Work with your team to find a way to explain why your results make sense
b.Would you have gotten similar results if you had exchanged 5 beans? 6 beans? 20 beans? Be ready to explain your thinking.
c.With your team, consider whether your ideas about Rowenas raisins and Pollys peanuts have changed. If so, write and explain your new conjecture. If not, explain why you still agree with your original conjecture. Be sure to include anything you think will be convincing as you write down your ideas and be prepared to share your ideas with the class.
1-36. TINY TOWERS To begin to investigate this question, start by collecting data. a.How many pennies does it take to build a tower that is one centimeter tall? Use the tools provided by your teacher to find out.
LEARNING LOG The relationship between the number of pennies in a stack and the height of that stack is an example of a proportional relationship. Talk with your team about how you can describe this relationship.Then record your ideas in your notebook, using numbers, words, and tables to help show your thinking. Title this entry Beginning to Think About Proportional Relationships and label it with todays date.
# pennies in 1 cm?______________ a.In the space below, work with your team to complete the missing information. Be prepared to explain your reasoning to the class.
1-37. THE HUNDRED-PENNY TOWER I have an idea! Carol said. If I know how tall a tower of 100 pennies would be, maybe that can help me figure out how tall a tower of 1,000,000 pennies would be. a.Discuss this idea with your team. How could Carols idea work?
CHALLENGE: How many 10s are in 100? ____________ How many 10s are in 1,000? __________
b.Work with your team to figure out how tall a tower of 100 pennies would be.
Record your answer here:________________ Can you find more than one way to figure this out? Be sure that each member of your team is prepared to explain your thinking to the class.
For the following questions, rank them on a scale of 1-5, 1 being the worst and 5 being the best. Circle one.
1.2.1: Exit Slip Name:__________________ In the space below, write a few sentences summary of what you did and learned today:
a.Work with your team to rearrange the pennies to improve how well others can understand it. b. In the space that follows, draw a diagram that represents your new arrangement (without drawing all of the pennies themselves).
As a team, decide on the best way to represent your arrangement in a diagram. Consider using ideas from multiple drawings. When all team members have agreed on the best diagram, copy it onto your paper here:
1.2.2: Exit Slip Name:__________________ a.Which pile has more pennies? How do you know?
1-61. Cody and Jett each have a handful of pennies. Cody has arranged his pennies into 3 sets of 16, and has 9 leftover pennies. Jett has 6 sets of 9 pennies, and 4 leftover pennies. Each student thinks he has the most pennies.
a.Which student has more pennies? By how much? How did you figure this out?
b. Draw a diagram in your notebook and write an expression with numbers that represent the way Cody could have arranged his pennies (3 sets of 16 with 9 leftover pennies). Expression: ___________________________________________________ Now do the same for Jetts pennies (6 sets of 9 pennies with 4 leftover pennies). Expression:___________________________________________________ Can you find more than one way to arrange the pennies? c. Compare results with your team. How many different ways did your team find to represent the number of pennies with diagrams and number expressions?
____________________ With your team, decide which arrangements best represent the groups of pennies held by Cody and Jett. Copy the different number expressions for each student from your team to your paper.
d. Jett decided to rearrange all of his pennies into groups of 10, even though one group will not be complete. How many groups can he make?________ How can he represent his new grouping with a number expression?
____________________________________________________________
1-62. The figure at right is reprinted from problem 1-18. a.Working alone or with a partner, write as many number expressions as you can to describe the number and organization of dots in this figure. How many different ways can you see the pattern?
b.Now compare number expressions with the rest of your team. Are some easier to match to the diagram than others? Why?
As a team, choose two number expressions that represent the dots in the figure in very different ways. Be sure that everyone has these two expressions written on their own papers.
Expression 1:
Expression 2:
c.Find the value of both expressions. How do they compare? 1-63. Use the data from Lesson 1.2.1 to figure out which team received the greatest number of pennies, which received the least, and where your team was in comparison to the other teams. Write your answers and show your work in your notebook. aExpress each of your comparisons with a number or word sentence. For example, Team A might have written 5 sets of 25 pennies, or 5(25), while Team B might have written 5 sets of 17 pennies and 2, or 5(17) + 2 .To compare, you might write 5(25) > 5(17) + 2 or you might write 5 sets of 25 pennies is greater than 5 sets of 17 pennies with two more. b.Did any teams have the same number of pennies? If so, write and calculate the value of each teams number expressions to show that the values are the same. What symbol do we use to show that two values are the same? If no two values are the same, choose two teams whose numbers of pennies were close. For these two teams, write and calculate the value of their number expressions. What symbols can we use to show that one value is less than, or greater than, another value? c.Consider the teams that have the greatest and the least number of pennies. How many would one team have to give to the other so that both teams have the same amount? Show how you figured this out.
1.2.3: Exit Slip Name:__________________ Using your own ideas and your own words what is a: Prime number?
1-72. HOW MANY PENNIES? Use your notebook as needed to show your work Jenny, Ann, and Gigi each have between 10 and 50 pennies. Work with your team to figure out how many pennies each of them could have, based on the clues given below. Be ready to explain your thinking to the class. Note that there is more than one possible answer for each part. a.Jenny can arrange all of her pennies into a rectangular array that looks like a square. In other words, it has the same number of rows as columns.
Composite number?
How many pennies could Jenny have?__________________________________ b.Ann can arrange all of her pennies into five different rectangular arrays.
Even number?
Odd number?
How many pennies could Ann have?__________________________________ c.Whenever Gigi arranges her pennies into a rectangular array with more than one row or column, she has a remainder (some leftover pennies).
1-73. What can you learn about a number from its rectangular arrays? Consider this question as you answer the questions below. a.A number that can be arranged into more than one rectangular array, such as Anns in part (b) of problem 1-72, is called a composite number. List all composite numbers less than 15. __________________________________________________ b.Consider the number 17, which could be Gigis number. Seventeen pennies can be arranged into only one rectangular array:1 penny by 17 pennies. Any number, like 17, that can form only one rectangular array is called a prime number. Work with your team to find all prime numbers less than 25.
__________________________________________________
1-74. Jenny, Ann, and Gigi were thinking about odd and even numbers. (When even numbers are divided by two, there is no remainder. When odd numbers are divided by two, there is a remainder of one.) Jenny said, Odd numbers cannot be formed into a perfect rectangle with two rows. Does that mean they are prime? Consider Jennys question with your team. Are all odd numbers prime? If so, explain how you know. If not, find a counterexample (in this case, a number that is odd but is not prime).
1.2.4: Exit Slip Name:__________________ In the space below, draw four different arrays you might find for the number 16:
1-84. Have you ever noticed how many patterns exist in a simple multiplication table? Get a Lesson 1.2.4 Resource Page from your teacher. Fill in the missing numbers to complete the table. Then, with your team, describe at least three ways that you used to figure out what the missing numbers were.
1. 2. 3. 1-85. Gloria was looking at the multiplication table and noticed a pattern. Look, she said to her team. All of the prime numbers show up only two times as products in the table, and they are always on the edges. Discuss Glorias observation with your team. Then choose one color to mark all of the prime numbers. Why does the placement of the prime numbers make sense?
1-86. Using the multiplication table, work with your team to find patterns, as described below. a.Glorias observation in problem 1-85 related to prime numbers. What other kinds of numbers do you know about? Work with your team to brainstorm a list of kinds of numbers you have discussed. (You may want to look back at Lesson 1.2.3 to refresh your memory.)
b.What patterns can you find in the locations of the numbers of each type? Be ready to explain your observations.
c.Notice how often different types of numbers appear. Do you find any patterns that make sense? Explain.
1-87. Consider the number 36, which could have been Anns number in part (b) of problem 1-72. a.Choose a new color and mark every 36 that appears in the table. b.Imagine that more rows and columns are added to the multiplication table until it is as big as your classroom floor. Would 36 appear more times in this larger table? If so, how many more times and where? If not, how can you be sure?
c.List all of the factor pairs of 36. (A factor pair is a pair of numbers that multiply to give a particular product. For example, 2 and 10 make up a factor pair of 20, because 2 !10 = 20 .) How do the factor pairs of 36 relate to where it is found in the table? What does each factor pair tell you about the possible rectangular arrays for 36?
1-88. What does the frequency (the number of times an item appears) of a number in the table tell you about the rectangular arrays that are possible for that number? a.Gloria noticed that the number 12 appears as a product 6 times in the table. She wonders,Shouldnt there be 6 different rectangular arrays for 12? What do you think? Work with your team to draw all of the different rectangular arrays for 12 in your notebook and explain how they relate to the table.
b.How many rectangular arrays does the number 48 have? How many times would it appear as a product in a table as big as the classroom? Is there a relationship between these answers?
c.How many rectangular arrays does the number 36 have?_________ How many times would it appear as a product in a table as big as the room? Does the pattern you noticed for 12 and 48 apply to 36? If so, why does this make sense? If not, why is 36 different?
1-89. WHY DOES IT WORK? Work with your team to analyze an interesting pattern in the multiplication table. (See booklet) a.What is the pattern? Work with your team to test enough examples to be convinced about whether there is a consistent pattern.
1-99. USEFUL FORMS OF DATA In the Handful of Pennies activity (problem 1-51), you saw that it is possible to organize items in a way that communicates information at a glance. Instead of organizing pennies, you now have a long list of times to organize. a. How could you rearrange your list so that it is easier to find specific values? As a class, brainstorm ways to organize the data. Decide together how to rewrite the list.
LEARNING LOG In your notebook, explain how a stemand-leaf plot is organized and what it helps show about the data. Title this entry Stem-and-Leaf Plots and label it with todays date.
b. One way to organize and display data is in a stem-and- leaf plot. The example of a stem-and-leaf plot at right represents the data 31, 31, 43, 47, 61, 66, 68, and 70.
Think about how this plot is arranged and describe what you notice. For example, how would 42 be added to this plot? What about 102? Why do you think the space to the right of the 5 is blank? c.Once the stem-and-leaf plot makes sense, work together to organize your class data from problem 1-98 in a similar way in your notebook. d. What do you notice about the class data? Discuss this with your team and then write down three observations you can make. Be ready to share your observations with the class and explain how you made them. 1.
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1-100. CREATING A HISTOGRAM Another graph of data similar to a stem-and-leaf plot is called a histogram. (You may remember creating a histogram of birthdays in the very first lesson of this course.) This type of graph helps you learn how many pieces of data fall between different intervals, such as between 0 and 10 seconds. a.Following the directions of your teacher, place a sticky note with your time from problem 1-98 on the class histogram. b.Examine the graphed data. What statements can you make that describe how your class performed in the experiment?
Were most students able to make a good estimate of 60 seconds? How can you tell?
Would it affect how you describe the performance of your class in the experiment?
What if it was formed using intervals of 5 seconds? How would this change things?
d.Compare the histogram with the stem-and-leaf plot you created in problem 1-99. What connections can you make between the two representations?
What number falls right in the middle of all the class data when the data is sorted in order? This number is called the median.
1-108. WHAT IS AVERAGE? Now obtain one cube (or other manipulative) from your teacher to represent each person in your family. a.Work with your classmates to organize yourselves into a human bar graph. b.If the cubes were redistributed so that everyone in the class had the same number, how many cubes would each person have? This is called the mean (or the average) of the data.
LEARNING LOG In your notebook, explain how to find the mean, median, mode, and range of a set of data. Title this entry Finding Mean, Median, Mode, and Range and label it with todays date.
b.If you have not already done so, create a histogram for this new set of data in your notebook and compare it to the histogram created in Lesson 1.3.1. According to what you see in the histograms, how is the new set of data the same or different than the original data? Explain why you think this and write this on your paper.
c.If you have not already done so, create a stem-and-leaf plot for the new set of data in your notebook. According to the stem-and-leaf plots, how is the new set of data the same or different than the original data? Explain.
10-117. CREATING A DOUBLE STEM-AND-LEAF PLOT A double stem-and-leaf plot has three columns with the stems in the middle column and the leaves of one team to the right of the stem and the leaves of the other to the left. For example if a student on one team had a value of 40, you would enter a 0 (the leaf) in the left-hand column next to the number 4 (the stem).
a.What are the data values for each of the two teams?
b. As you look at the 60-second data for the two class experiments in the double stem-and-leaf, what do you notice about the two sets of data? Discuss this with your team and then write down three observations you can make. Be ready to explain your observations to the class.
1-118. Find the range and the mode for each set of data from your two 60-second experiments. Then find the median for each of them using either the double stem-and-leaf plot or the histograms. a.Write down these results.
What is something you GOT today that you feel really comfortable with or good about?
1.3.3 Range____________ Mode ______________ Median _______________ b.Compare the range, mode, and median of the two sets of data. What do you notice? Discuss this with your team and then write down three observations you can make. Be ready to explain your observations to the class.
What is something you feel like you still NEED to know in order to understand this better?
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2. 3. 1-119. COMPUTING THE MEAN use notebook as needed In problem 1-108, you found the mean number of cubes in the class by sharing cubes fairly among all students. How can this method translate into a mathematical strategy? One way to share cubes evenly would be for all of the students to put their cubes together into one big pile and then to redistribute all the cubes in the pile evenly among the students. a.How could you use numbers and symbols to represent what happens when everyone puts all of their cubes together? b.How could you use numbers and symbols to represent what happens when the big pile is distributed evenly among all of the people? c.As you have discovered, one way to calculate the mean for a set of data is to add all of the data together (like combining all of the cubes) and then divide by the number of pieces of data (like distributing the cubes evenly among all of the people). Calculate the mean for todays 60-second data. Be sure to record your work carefully. d.Now calculate the mean of the data you collected in the first 60-second experiment.
e.How do the two means compare? What does this tell you about the results of the two experiments? Be ready to explain your ideas to the class.