Professional Documents
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Ergonomics
Ehsan Naseri Soudeh Yektaee 81178607 81195404
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with Respect to
Content
What is Design?
Design Process Design process For Automotive Design process For automotive with
Introduction to Design
A goal- directed problem solving activity (Archer 1965). Design is a interplay between what we want to achieve
characterize the needs and requirements for a product into knowledge about the product (Mistree 1992).
Definition of Design
Design is
An art, not a science Problem solving, Decision making, Applying science Creativity & imagination vs Heuristic search Directing, leading & organizing Dealing with people & team-building Negotiating to achieve a satisfactory solution & optimizing Foresight towards production, assembly, testing and other processes Considering the "bottom line" of costs and profit, Satisfying needs & satisfying the customer Ethical and professional conduct
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Various Design
New Design: New tasks and problems are solved by new solution
principles.
Product specs.
Customers
Marketing
Design engineering
Manufacturing engineering
Production
Roles
of system engineer
Need
identification & customer linkage, Management (spec, process, risk, information), System design, Integration, R&D, leading & coordinating
Build concurrent engineering teams R&D Negotiation in engineering design Manufacturing Integrating Processes Process Modeling Design Process Reengineering Suppliers Integrating Information Finance Database Management Systems Information and data mining Building a Concurrent Engineering Design Process
Marketing
Customers
Design Process
System, subsystem and component design Sequential & iterative process Starts and Ends with the customer Comparison and contrast to scientific method Need Concepts Feasibility Produce Sell Time and cost as key factors Process of converting information that characterizes the needs and requirements for a product into knowledge about the product and its implied processes.
Design process 1
Recognition of a customers need
Market research identifies customers and needs R&D creates ideas that are relevant to an organizations capabilities Needs arise from dissatisfaction Technology push (examples : computers, audio) Design specification Selecting product ideas Compiling the requirement list Acquire & apply technical knowledge Identify resources Prioritize design goals & continue to refine
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Designs vs Needs
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Design process 2
Product definition
Function Preliminary requirements list Solution requirements Cost target and budget
SOURCES CONSUMER COMPANY
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Design process 3
Conceptual design
This phase looks at the function requirement of the Product.The function are listed & complex functions are broken into simpler subfunctions. Determines the Principle of Solution. It is preceded by a Decision
Procedure
Abstract to identify essential problems Establish function structures Search for working principles to fulfill the sub-functions Combine working principles into working structures Select suitable combinations Evaluate against technical & cost criteria
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Design process 4
Design embodiment
It starts from the concept and develops the definitive layout for the project Evaluate against Technical & Economic criteria Preliminary layout Optimize and complete form designs Check for errors and disturbing factors Prepare preliminary part list and production documents Embodiment design is characterized by repeated deliberation and verification. This requires approach that is progressive as well as iterative. The checklist Function, Working Principle, Layout, Safety, Ergonomics, Production, Assembly, Transport, Recycling, Maintenance, Costs, Quality control
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Design process 5
Prepare production documents : Elaborate detailed drawings and parts list Complete production,assembly,transport and operating instructions Check all documents Design review Review and redesign focuses on achieving the performance, producibility, reliability and cost (As compared to what) objectives. Competitive benchmarking Reverse Engineering of competitors products Early bird gets the profit
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slender, that I didn't dare creep under the car when it was lifted by this jack. There was no space for me, anyway! The floor of the car was badly rusted, because the car had been effected by some sewer gas in the garage. I had to cut large sections out of the floor and cover them with new steel plate.
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Information
Space below of car
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Available Means
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List of Demands
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Definition of Problem
We must design a jack, which is able to lift a car, which has a
weight of 1300 kg, a width of 1800 mm an a wheel base of 2700 mm. The jack must be safe enough, that repair and service operations below the lifted car are possible. We must design a system, which makes repair and service operations possible below a car. Functions
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Alternative subsystems
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Possible combinations
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Decision Table
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Embodiment design
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Detail design
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Review of Design
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Results
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Automotive Design
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Occupant Packaging
Workspace Anthropometry : Conventional Static Measurements anthropologist
(are taken on the human body in rigid , standarized position)
Occupant Packaging
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Occupant Packaging
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Occupant Packaging
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Occupant Packaging
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Occupant Packaging
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Define a user population startified across stature , weight and - Conduct test for specific task(reach, eye location) to develop statistical models defining spatial requirements
- uses manikins or selected large (95%) male and small (5%) female to define spatial requirements
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- Assume that Specified large males and small female comprehend all user requirements - Assume that 2-D (or 3-D) manikins can predict or model human requirements
- Assume that a given percentile person is definable from the some of parts
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expressed by a central tendency with exclusion at both ends , for example 95 percent accommodation with 2.5 percent excluded at each end.
- Result in questionably
- Results in well defined statistical model that defines accommodation levels for specific task defined geometric manikin models that predict accommodation for only two extreme percentile people
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create a digital model of each driver using a combination of laser scanning and manual anthropometrical techniques. The resulting virtual models will be used to analyze and improve specific accommodation issues such as driver comfort and security, and accessibility and serviceability of components inside the cockpit during pit stops without the need to involve the actual drivers.
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based Human Modeling tool. Its capabilities make it an invaluable tool to designers and design teams working on products that are used by people. The system offers the following advantages:
3D analysis of fit, reach, vision and
posture. reduced timescale. early input of ergonomics expertise. rapid interactive design. improved communication. cost effective ergonomics
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Safety
Safety in a race car is the art of protecting the human occupant, at whatever cost to the car. Designing the car to be damaged minimally while hindering driver safety is definitely the wrong approach. So how do we protect the driver? Well first we need to consider the basic physiological weak points of the human body.
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Safety
The diagram above shows that pretty much any part of the body exposed to the chassis of the race car is at risk. Injuries occur because the body sustains impacts beyond the G (gravities) level that it can sustain. The brain is particularly succeptible to injury, because it is really just a soft tissue mass stored inside a very solid bone container, the skull. The key to avoiding injury in the brain is to avoid instantaneous decelleration of the skull. That is, when the skull strikes something hard, it decellerates instantaneously. The brain inside unfortunately keeps on moving, causing head trauma. Neck and spinal injuries also present a serious threat to life and career. These "Connector" type elements in our body are flexible and stretchable, to a point, and can sustain tremendous G loads before breaking. However, depending on angle of impact, they can break rather easily. Other bone injuries (breakages) are not as lifethreatening or career ending, but still are to be prevented. The bones in our arms, legs and spine are designed to be stressed in tension and compression along their length. In the case of impacts they are often stressed in shear or bending, and therefore snap relatively easily
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Safety In Crash
First, the driver needs to be supported, so movement under normal driving is very limited. This means a seat with lateral head support, a head rest, and good lower and upper body lateral support. Most racing seats provide these three elements Secondly, the car's chassis needs to hold the seat and driver in place, in all situations, driving and crashing. This is of course accomplished with a chassis mount for the seat, and a 5 or 6 point harness. Thirdly, measures must be taken to prevent intrusion into or the crushing of the driver's limbs and extremities. On formula cars, the problem of suspension wishbones breaking and piercing the driver's legs is solved by anti-intrusion panels that prevent pieces of the car from intruding into the driver's cockpit. As well, the cockpit "Safety cell" needs to be very strong. The "Safety cell" is the last piece of material between danger and the driver, and so should be well constructed, and not prone to collapsing onto the driver. Finally, the car needs to absorb the energy via structures that are crushable. As stated previously, the human body does not like to be decellerated from 80 or 100 km/h to 0 instantly. Therefore, we need to find a way that "quickly" decellerates the body. The only possibilities on a race car are the structures which surround the driver's safety cell. Designing these structures to collapse in an impact ensures that G levels are reduced because the car is literally decellerating over a small distance, instead of ZERO distance
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structure - In lower cost racing cars, most of the car is usually built from
mild steel. Using that same mild steel in areas such as wishbones means that impacts will bend the material long before it breaks the material, meaning energy absorption takes place over a longer period.
core material - crushable zones such as the nose cone on a formula car
can be made from balsa, honeycomb or high density styrofoam covered with a stressed skin of composites.
Triangulate the driver "safety cell" to prevent collapse The safety cell can be designed in such a way that a catastrophic impact which collapses the safety cell, will make the safety cell expand away from the driver, instead of collapsing it onto the driver. In the case of a frontal impact, this would mean the sides of the cockpit would expand outward, upward and downward, instead of inward. 48
1) Digital meters Discreet digital meters maximize forward visibility and help create a sense of uncluttered spaciousness. 2) Triangle-motif steering wheel The triangle-motif steering wheel helps harmonize exterior and interior design, for a feeling of unity throughout. 3) Centrally positioned audio panel A 2DIN opening for audio components is centrally positioned at the top of the instrument panel for easy access and visibility. 4) Textured dashboard and console The dashboard centre, floor console, and front pillars are trimmed with a new textured material with a refined look and feel. 5) Sporty two-tone fascia The sporty two-tone fascia adds a touch of pizzazz to the Liana's interior.
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Displays
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Displays
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Displays
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Displays
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Reading assignment
Aesthetics and Engineering Design
http://design.stanford.edu/PD/kbase/Aesthetics_and_Engineering_Design.pdf
Introduction of design
http://deed.ryerson.ca/DesignScience/1.html
design basics in IT
http://www-3.ibm.com/ibm/easy/eou_ext.nsf/Publish/6
user engineering in IT
http://www-3.ibm.com/ibm/easy/eou_ext.nsf/Publish/1996
Automotive Ergonomics
Brayan Peacock & Waldemar Karowski
Sitting posture
E. Granjin
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