Bacterial Structure Beheshtimaal

Bacterial Morphology Arrangement
1. Bacilli a.Streptobacilli b. Bacilli 2. Cocci a. Cocci b. Doplococci c. Streptococci d. Staphylococci e. Sarcina ( 3D ) Purvi Kakrani & Dr. Harish f. Gaffkya ( 2D ) Kakrani
Common Shapes & Arrangement
Purvi Kakrani & Dr. Harish Kakrani
Bacterial morphologies (1)
Bacterial Morphology Arrangement
3 Spirl
a. Vibrio b. Spirillum
c. Spirochete
Purvi Kakrani & Dr. Harish Kakrani 6
Bacterial Cell Structures & Functions
Size relationships among prokaryotes
Bacterial Cell Structure

Appendages Surface
fdlagella, pili or fimbriae
layers - capsule, cell wall, cell membrane
Cytoplasm
- nuclear material, ribosome, mesosome, inclusions etc. structure - endospore

Special
10
Bacterial Cell Structure
11
Appendages
1. flagella Some rods and spiral form have this.
a). function: motility

b). origin : cell membrane flagella attach to the cell by hook and basal body which consists of set(s) of rings and rods Gram - : 2 sets of ring and rods, L, P, S, M rings and rods e.g. E. coli Gram + : S, M rings and rods e.g. B. megaterium
Organ of bacterial locomotion
13
Structure of the flagellum
14
Flagella movement(1)
15
16
17
b).Origin (continued)
The structure of the bacterial flagella allows it to spin like a propeller and thereby propel the bacterial cell; clockwise or counter clockwise ( Eucaryotic , wave like motion. Bacterial flagella provides the bacterium with mechanism for swimming toward or away from chemical stimuli, a behavior is knows as CHEMOTAXIX, chemosenors in the cell envelope can detect certain chemicals and signal the flagella to respond.
c). position
monotrichous
lophotrichous
peritrichous
d). structure
protein in nature: subunit flagellin
19
2. Pili or Fimbriae Shorter than flagella and straighter , smaller. Only on some gram- bacteria. a). function: adhere. One of the invasive mechanism on bacteria. Some pathogens cause diseases due to this. If mutant (fimbriae) not virulent. Prevent phagocytosis.
20
pili - sex factor. If they make pili, they are + or donors of F factor.
It is necessary for bacterial conjugation resulting in the transfer of DNA from one cell to another.
It have been implicated in the ability of bacteria to recognize specific receptor sites on the host cell membrane. In addition, number of bacteria virus infect only those bacteria have F Purvi Kakrani & Dr. Harish pilus. Kakrani 21
b). Origin: Cell membrane

c). Position: common pili , numerous over the
cell, usually called fimbriae sex pile, 1-4/cell

d). Structure: composed of proteins which can
be dissociated into smaller unit

Pilin . It belongs to a class of protein Lectin which bond to cell surface polysaccharide.
II. CELL SURFACE LAYER

1. Capsule or slime layer Many bacteria are able to secrete material that adheres to the bacterial cell but is actually external to the cell. It consists of polypeptide and polysaccharide on bacilli. Most of them have only polysaccharide. It is a protective layer that resists host phagocytosis. Medically important.
2. Bacterial Cell Wall General structure: mucopolysaccharide i.e. peptidoglycan. It is made by Nacetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid. tetrapeptide ( L-alanine- isoglutamine-lysinealanine) is attached. The entire cell wall structure is cross linked by covalent bonds. This provide the rigidity necessary to maintain the integrity of the cell.
N-acetylmuramic acid is unique to prokaryotic cell.

Cell walls of bacteria(2)
25
26
27
28
Structure of peptidoglycan(1)
29
30
(a).
Gram positive bacterial cell wall

Thick peptidoglycan layer
pentaglycin cross linkage.

Teichoic acid: ribitol TA & glycerol TA Some have peptioglycan teichoic acid. All have lipoteichoic acid.
Function of TA:
* Antigenic determinant * Participate in the supply of Mg to the cell by binding Mg++ * regulate normal cell division. For most part, protein is not found as a constituent of the G+ cell wall except M protein on group streptococci
Structure of the Gram-positive Cell Wall
33
(b) Gram Thin peptidoglycan Tetrapeptide cross linkage A second membrane structure: protein and lipopolysaccharide.
Toxicity : endotoxin on lipid A of

lipopolysaccharide. glucosamine- glucosamine-long
polysaccharide- repeated sequences of a few sugars

(e.g. gal- mann-rham) n=10-20 O antigen
35
Toxicity : endotoxin on lipid A of

lipopolysaccharide.
glucosamine- glucosamine-long
FA FA FA FA
polysaccharide- repeated sequences of
a few sugars (e.g. gal- mann-rham)

n=10-20 O antigen
Chemistry of LPS
37
The Gram-negative outer membrane(1)
38
The Gram-negative outer membrane(2)
39
2. Cell Membrane
Function:
a. control permeability
b. transport es and protons for cellular metabolism

c. contain enzymes to synthesis and transport cell wall substance and for metabolism d. secret hydrolytic enzymes e. regulate cell division. Fluid mosaic model. phospholipid bilayer and protein (structure and enzymatic function). Similar to eukaryotic cell membrane but some differs. e.g. Purvi Kakrani & Dr. Harish sterols such as cholesterol in Euk not in Prok. 40 Kakrani
The cytoplasmic membrane
41
Functions of the cytoplasmic membrane(1)
42
Functions of the cytoplasmic membrane(2)
43
Transport proteins
44
Classes of membrane transporting systems(1)
45
46
47
III. Cytoplasm
80% water, nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipid

and inorganic ions etc. 1. Bacterial chromosomes a single large circular double stranded DNA no histone proteins. The only proteins associated with the bacterial chromosomes are the ones for DNA replication, transcription etc.
2. Ribosome protein synthesis

The bacterial chromosome and supercoiling
49
3. Mesosomes A large invaginations of the plasma membrane, irregular in shape. a. increase in membrane surface, which may be useful as a site for enzyme activity in respiration and transport. b. may participate in cell replication by serving as a place of attachment for the bacterial chromosome.
50
4. Inclusions
Not separate by a membrane but distinct. Granules of various kinds:
* glycogen,
*polyhydroxybutyric acid droplets (PHB) i.e. fat droplets * inorganic metaphosphate (metachromatic granules) - in general, starvation of cell for almost any nutrients
leads to the formation of this to serve as an

intracellular phosphate reservoir.
PHB
52
5. Chromatophores Only in photosynthetic bacteria and blue green algae. Prok. no chloroplast, pigment found in
lamellae located beneath the cell membrane.
53
IV. Special Structure * Endospores Spore former: sporobactobacilli and sporosarcinae - no medical importance. bacillus and clostridium have medical importance.
* Position: median, sub-terminal and terminal have small water, high calcium content and dipicolinic acid (calcium dipicolinate) extremely resistant to heat, UV, chemicals etc. may be due to many S containing A.A for disulfide groups.
The process of endospore formation
After the active growth period approaching the stationary growth phase, a structure called forespore develops within the cells. It consists of coat, cortex and nuclear structure.
55
Endospores
56
Negatively Stained Bacillus: (A) Vegetative Cell (B) Endospore

Dipicolinic acid
58
Vegetative/spore-containing cells(1)
59
Vegetative/spore-containing cells(2)
60
Detailed steps in endospore formation(1)
61
62
63

Bacterial Structure Beheshtimaal

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bacterial Structure Beheshtimaal

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bacterial Morphology Arrangement

Common Shapes & Arrangement

Purvi Kakrani & Dr. Harish Kakrani

Bacterial morphologies (1)

Purvi Kakrani & Dr. Harish Kakrani

Bacterial morphologies (2)

Purvi Kakrani & Dr. Harish Kakrani

Bacterial morphologies (3)

Purvi Kakrani & Dr. Harish Kakrani

Bacterial Morphology Arrangement

Bacterial morphologies (4)

Purvi Kakrani & Dr. Harish Kakrani

Bacterial Cell Structures & Functions

Purvi Kakrani & Dr. Harish Kakrani

Size relationships among prokaryotes

Purvi Kakrani & Dr. Harish Kakrani

Bacterial Cell Structure

fdlagella, pili or fimbriae

layers - capsule, cell wall, cell membrane

- nuclear material, ribosome, mesosome, inclusions etc. structure - endospore

Bacterial Cell Structure

Purvi Kakrani & Dr. Harish Kakrani

a). function: motility

Organ of bacterial locomotion

Purvi Kakrani & Dr. Harish Kakrani

Structure of the flagellum

Purvi Kakrani & Dr. Harish Kakrani

Purvi Kakrani & Dr. Harish Kakrani

Purvi Kakrani & Dr. Harish Kakrani

Purvi Kakrani & Dr. Harish Kakrani

Purvi Kakrani & Dr. Harish Kakrani

Purvi Kakrani & Dr. Harish Kakrani

b). Origin: Cell membrane

cell, usually called fimbriae sex pile, 1-4/cell

be dissociated into smaller unit

II. CELL SURFACE LAYER

N-acetylmuramic acid is unique to prokaryotic cell.

Cell walls of bacteria(2)

Purvi Kakrani & Dr. Harish Kakrani

Cell walls of bacteria(3)

Purvi Kakrani & Dr. Harish Kakrani

Cell walls of bacteria(4)

Purvi Kakrani & Dr. Harish Kakrani

Cell walls of bacteria(1)

Purvi Kakrani & Dr. Harish Kakrani

Purvi Kakrani & Dr. Harish Kakrani

Purvi Kakrani & Dr. Harish Kakrani

Gram positive bacterial cell wall

pentaglycin cross linkage.

Structure of the Gram-positive Cell Wall

Purvi Kakrani & Dr. Harish Kakrani

Toxicity : endotoxin on lipid A of

polysaccharide- repeated sequences of a few sugars

Purvi Kakrani & Dr. Harish Kakrani

Toxicity : endotoxin on lipid A of

polysaccharide- repeated sequences of

a few sugars (e.g. gal- mann-rham)

Purvi Kakrani & Dr. Harish Kakrani

The Gram-negative outer membrane(1)

Purvi Kakrani & Dr. Harish Kakrani

The Gram-negative outer membrane(2)

Purvi Kakrani & Dr. Harish Kakrani

b. transport es and protons for cellular metabolism

The cytoplasmic membrane