1

2
3
SHEAR

What is a shear?
Description of shear.
Finding the image of a point under a shear using the shear
factor k
Finding images of a point, a straight line or a rectilinear figure
under a shear.

Location of the invariant line of a shear.
Area property of a shear.
Matrix representing a shear.

4
Shear
It is a transformation under which the image of a point
can be found, provided the following are given:

Invariant line
o Line along which any point and its image are coincident
(point does not move or point is invariant).
A point and its image

5
Note:
In a shear, each point moves in a direction
parallel to the invariant line.

Shear factor,


6
k = distance moved by point
perpendicular distance of point from invariant line
7
1. DESCRIPTION
OF A SHEAR
Description of shear
To describe a shear, we need to give:
i. The invariant line
ii. A point and its image and\or
iii. The shear factor

8
EXAMPLE 1 (i):
Describe the following transformation:






Shear, invariant line XY, A A
Shear factor, k =


9
X
P
Y
1
A
5
A
5
1
5 '
= =
AP
AA
SHEAR PARALLEL TO X-AXIS
A shear parallel to the x-axis is a
transformation which moves a point (x,y)
parallel to the x-axis through a distance ky, k
is the shear factor.



k = difference in x-coordinate of corresponding points
y-coordinate of original point
EXAMPLE 1 (ii):
Consider the following :






It is a shear because the x-axis is an invariant
line and BB is parallel to it.

Transformation description:
Shear, invariant line x-axis, B B
Shear factor, k =

11
B B
3
2
0 Q x axis

2
3 '
=
BQ
BB
y axis
SHEAR PARALLEL TO Y-AXIS

A shear parallel to the y-axis is a
transformation which moves a point (x,y)
parallel to the y-axis through a distance kx, k
is the shear factor.
12
k = difference in y-coordinate of corresponding points
x-coordinate of original point
EXAMPLE 1(III)
Consider the following:










Transformation description:
Shear, invariant line y-axis, C C
Shear factor, k =

13
C
C
5
2
0 Q x axis


y axis
2
5 '
=
CR
CC
R
It is a shear because
the y-axis is an
invariant line and
CC is parallel to it.
14
2.
Finding the
image of a point
under a shear,
using the shear
factor k.
EXERCISE 2
Find the images B and C of B and C respectively
under the given shear.



15
X P Q R Y

A A
C


B



4
3
2
SOLUTION
Since AA , k =

Thus, BB = 1*BQ =1*4=4


And CC= 1*3=3
16
1
2
2 '
= =
AP
AA
1
'
=
BQ
BB
1
'
=
CR
CC
17
X P Q R Y

A 2 A

C C
B B
4
3
2
SOLUTION
4
3
18
3.
Finding images of a point, a
straight line or a rectilinear
figure under a shear
(using pencil and ruler only)
3.1 IMAGE OF A POINT
Find the image of B under the following shear:


19
X
Y
A
A
B
STEPS TO FOLLOW (1):

1. Draw a straight line BT through B parallel
to the invariant line XY.
The image B of B will lie on this straight line.












20
X
Y
A
A
B
T
STEPS TO FOLLOW (2):
2. Join B and A, and produce BA to meet XY at P.

21
X
P
Y
A
A
B
T
STEPS TO FOLLOW (3):
3. Join P and A, and produce PA to meet BT at B.
Under the given shear, PAB PAB since P is the
invariant point in this case.

22
X
P
Y
A
A
B
B
T
Image of B
3.2 image of a straight line



23
C
D
A
A
X Y
Find the image of the straight line
CD under the given shear
PROCEDURE
Draw lines CM and DN parallel to XY.
Join C and A, and produce CA to meet XY at P.
Join D and A, and produce DA to meet XY at Q.
Join PA and produce it until it cuts the lines CM at C.
Join QA and produce it until it cuts the lines DN at D.

24
C
D
A
A
C
D
X Q P Y
N
M
PROCEDURE
Join C and D to obtain the straight line
CD; the image of CD.
25
C
D
A
A
C
D
Image of the
straight line
CD
X Q P Y
N
M
3.3 Image of a figure
Find the image of the triangle ABC under the
following shear:

26
X Y
A
B
C
P P
Procedure
Follow same steps as in previous example.
27
X R S T Y
A
B
C
P P
Procedure
28
X R S T Y
A
B
C
P P
A
B
C
Image ABC
Of Triangle
ABC
29
ANY
CONCLUSION
Procedure
30
X R S T Y
A
B
C
P P
A
B
C
We conclude that the
shape of the original
figure is NOT preserved.
31
4.
Location of the
invariant line

Example:
Find the invariant line in the following case.




32
We can locate the invariant line if we are
given 2 points and their respective images.
Steps to follow
Join A to B and A to B.
Produce both lines until they meet at the
point Z.






Under this shear, ABZABZ 33
X
Y
Z
Thus the invariant line
is a line drawn through
that point Z parallel to
AA or BB
.
5.
Area property of a
shear
34
a) Describe the transformation in the diagram below.
b) Find the area of triangles PQR and PQR respectively.



35
0 1 3 5 7 17

4






1
y axis
x axis
P Q P Q

R R
A B C D E
EXAMPLE
Solution
a) .

Shear
invariant line, x-axis
Shear factor = 4

b) Area of triangle PQR =

Area of triangle PQR =

36
4
' ' '
= = =
RA
RR
QB
QQ
PA
PP
units 3 3 2
2
1
=
units 3 3 2
2
1
=
Remember!!!
37
In a shear, the area of
the given figure does
not change.
38
5.
Matrix
representing
a shear
Remember!!!
This is applicable
only when shear is
parallel to x-axis or
y-axis.
39
Case1 : shear parallel to x-axis
Consider a shear parallel to x-axis with
shear factor k=3.



40
3
B B
1
A A
0 1 3
x-axis
y-axis
Start with the matrix and map the vectors OA=
and OB= onto their corresponding images
under the given shear.

41
|
|
.
|

\
|
1 0
0 1
|
|
.
|

\
|
0
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
1
0
3
B B
1
A A
0 1 3
x-axis
y-axis

A is on the invariant line, thus it does not
move.

Now,



42
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
= = = = =
1 0
1
1 0
0 1
,
0
1
0
1
,
3 1 3 '
'
k
Hence
Thus
OB k BB k
OB
BB
What do we conclude?
The matrix corresponding to a shear
parallel to x-axis, with shear factor k, is
given by:

43
|
|
.
|

\
|
1 0
1 k
Case 2: shear parallel to y-axis
Consider a shear parallel to y-axis with
shear factor k=3.

44
B
3




1
A






A
0 1

x-axis
y-axis
1
3
.
45
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

= = = = =
1
0 1
1 0
0 1
,
1
0
1
0
1
3
1
0
1
3 1 3 '
'
k
Hence
k
OA k AA k
OA
AA
B is invariant

46
The matrix corresponding to a shear
parallel to y-axis, with shear factor k, is
given by:

|
|
.
|

\
|
1
0 1
k
What do we conclude?
47
Shear parallel to x-axis
Consider the figure below.
Let OP=r, then P
1
=r cos and P
2
=r sin
48
u u
1
cos p r = u
2
sin p r = u
u
0
P(p
1
,p
2
)
y-axis
x-axis
Then, under a shear parallel to the x-axis,
49
( )
2
2
'
2
'
2
1
1
'
1
sin
cos
kp
k
p
p
r p
p
x axis along is p r p
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
=
=

u
u
Steps to consider
50
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
= = = +
= = = +
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
k
H
k d c kp dp cp
b a p bp ap
kp
p
p
p
p
p
d c
b a
Then
shear the ng representi matrix the be
d c
b a
H Let
x
x
0
0 1
, 0
0 , 1
,
.
2 2 1
1 2 1
2
1
'
2
'
1
2
1

Steps to consider
Shear parallel to y-axis
Consider the figure below.
Let OP=r, then P
1
=r cos and P
2
=r
sin

51
u u
1
sin p r = u
2
cos p r = u
u
0
P(p
1
,p
2
)
y-axis
x-axis
52
Then, under a shear parallel to the y-axis,
( )
2
1
'
2
1
1
'
1
'
1
cos
sin
p
y axis along is p r p
kp
k
p
p
kr p
=
=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =

u
u
Steps to consider
53
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
= = = +
= = = +
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
1 0
0
1 , 0
0 ,
,
.
2 2 1
1 2 1
2
1
'
2
'
1
2
1
k
H
d c p dp cp
b k a kp bp ap
p
kp
p
p
p
p
d c
b a
Then
shear the ng representi matrix the be
d c
b a
H Let
y
y

Steps to consider
THANK YOU
54