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Using the octet rule, write the symbols for simple ions for the representative elements. Using charge balance, write the correct formula for an ionic formula. Given the formula of an ionic compound, write the correct name; given the name of an ionic compound, write the correct formula. Write the name and formula of a compound containing a polyatomic ion. Given the formula of a covalent compound, write its electron-dot formula (Lewis structure). Given the formula of a covalent compound, write its correct name; given the name of a covalent compound, write its formula. Use electronegativity to determine the polarity of a bond. Predict the three-dimensional structure of a molecule and classify it as polar or nonpolar. Describe the attractive forces between ions, polar molecules, and nonpolar molecules.
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The charge is related to the stability associated with the noble gases.
Na+
l e-
[Ne] 3s23p5
The tendency for atoms to lose or gain e-s to acquire a noble gas electron configuration (8 valence electrons) is called the octet rule. Exception [He] 2 valence e-s. :. We write Cl + l e Cl-
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Practice
How many e-s will the following elements need to lose or gain to fulfill the octet rule? N Al Na Cl Mg O
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Practice
What is the ionic charge developed by the following elements?
N Al Na Cl Mg O Fe
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When ionic particles react, they do so in a ratio that cancels their charge. This is what is referred to as charge balance. Na+ + Cl NaCl
(+1)
Mg2+ (+2) +
(-1)
2Cl (-2)
(0)
MgCl2 (0)
An easy way to find the subscripts in a formula is to cross-the-charges. Al3+ 2 Al203 Always keep the simplest ratio Mg2+ 2 0 22 023
Mg202
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cross-the-charges.
Na + 2
S 21
Na2S
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Practice
Write the formula of the ionic compound formed by the reaction of the following elements:
1.
2.
3.
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Metal 1st Unmodified if charge is fixed Na+ sodium Ag+ silver Modified if charge is variable Fe3+ iron (III) Pb4+ lead (IV)
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Practice
Follow the steps to provide the name for Fe2O3 1. Name the cation Determine the charge of the cation from the anion Modify the name of the cation by adding the charge using Roman numerals in parentheses 2. Name the anion 3. Write the name cation 1st anion 2nd
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Practice
Fill in the blanks: Formula Ions cation anion ____ _____ Name
NaCl
sodium chloride
_____
_____ CaI2
K+
S2-
____________
magnesium oxide calcium iodide
_____
Al3+
S2-
_____________
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nitrate ion.
sulfate ion
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Compounds containing polyatomic ions are named as ionic compounds. Na+ 2 Na2S04 Al3+ 2 Al2 (S04)3 SO423 Aluminum sulfate SO421 Sodium sulfate
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Practice
Fill in the blank: NaNO3 _______ NaOH _______ ____________________ potassium sulfate ____________________ iron(III) bicarbonate or iron(III) hydrogen carbonate (NH4)3PO4 ____________________
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.. :O
.. O:
N:
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The order in which the atoms of a molecule are connected is called its constitution or connectivity.
The constitution of a molecule must be determined in order to write a Lewis structure.
STEP 3 Determine leftover ve-s = Total ve-s Used ve-s Det. needed ve-s to obtain octets STEP 4 If Lve-s = Nve-s good If not you have to form multiple bond (double or triple) STEP 5 Make sure all ve-s have been used and every atom has an octet.
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3. R =T-U Ne-s
Since you have what you need, you are done! H HNH
non-bonding e-s
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SAMPLE PROBLEM
Writing Electron-Dot Formulas
Write the electron-dot formula for PCl3, phosphorus trichloride.
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In a single bond One pair of electrons is shared. C C In a double bond, Two pairs of electrons are shared. C C In a triple bond. Three pairs of electrons are shared. C C
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In a nitrogen molecule, N2, The sharing of 3 sets of electrons is a multiple bond called a triple bond.
STEP 4
Repeat STEP 3
leftover = T - U 18e- - 6 e- = 12
Needed = 6+2+4=12 You have what you need, you are done! .. .. .. :O S O: ..
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Practice
Draw the electron-dot structure for SO3
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Naming Covalent Compounds What is the name of SO3? STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 The first nonmetal is S sulfur. The second nonmetal is O named oxide. The subscript 3 of O is shown as the prefix tri. SO3 sulfur trioxide The subscript 1(for S) or mono is understood.
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Practice
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Practice
Write the correct formula for each of the following: A. phosphorus pentachloride B. dinitrogen trioxide C. sulfur hexafluoride
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Practice
Identify each compound as ionic or covalent and give its correct name. A. SO3 B. BaCl2 C. (NH4)3PO4 D. Cu2CO3 E. N2O4
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Based on EN
Electronegativity Difference 3.0 - 3.0 = 0.0 3.0 - 2.8 = 0.2 2.1 - 1.8 = 0.3 2.1 2.5 = 0.4
Type of Bond Nonpolar covalent Nonpolar covalent Nonpolar covalent Nonpolar covalent
Electronegativity Difference 3.5 - 3.0 = 0.5 3.0 - 2.5 = 0.5 3.5 - 2.5 = 1.0
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Type of Bond
Polar covalent Polar covalent Polar covalent
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Ionic Bonds An ionic bond Occurs between metal and nonmetal ions. Is a result of electron transfer. Has a large electronegativity difference (1.8 or more). Examples: Atoms Electronegativity Difference Cl-K 3.0 0.8 = 2.2 N-Na 3.0 0.9 = 2.1 S-Cs 2.5 0.7 = 1.8
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Practice
Use the electronegativity difference to identify the type of bond between the following: nonpolar covalent (NP), polar covalent (P), or ionic (I).
A. B. C. D.
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When charges separate in a neutral molecule, the molecule is said to be polar. The result is the formation of partial charges: The more electronegative atoms develops a partial negative charge, The less electronegative, a partial positive charge,
Chapter Five
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SAMPLE PROBLEM
Predicting Shapes
Use VSEPR theory to predict the shape of the following molecules: a. PH3 b. H2Se
5.13
Timberlake: General, Organic & Timberlake: General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry
Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education Inc.
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Nonpolar Molecules A nonpolar molecule contains nonpolar bonds ClCl HH or has a symmetrical arrangement of polar bonds
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Determining Molecular Polarity Determine the polarity of the H2O molecule. Solution: The four electron groups of oxygen are bonded to two H atoms. Thus the H2O molecule has a net dipole, which makes it a polar molecule.
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SAMPLE PROBLEM
Polarity of Molecules
Determine whether each of the following molecules is polar or nonpolar: a. SiCl4 b. OF2
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Practice
Determine the shape of each of the following molecules and whether they are polar or nonpolar. Explain. A. PBr3 B. HBr C. Br2 D. SiBr4
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Dispersion Forces Dispersion forces are weak attractions between nonpolar molecules caused by temporary dipoles that develop when electrons are not distributed equally
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SAMPLE PROBLEM
Attractive Forces Between Particles
Indicate the major type of molecular interaction expected of each of the following:
1. dipoledipole attractions a. HF b. I2 c. PCl3 2. hydrogen bonding 3. dispersion forces
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Practice
Identify the main type of attractive forces for each: 1) ionic 2) dipoledipole 3) hydrogen bonds 4) dispersion A. NCl3 B. H2O C. BrBr D. KCl E. NH3
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