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CLEOTILDE A. BULAN
Chemicals and Mineral Division Industrial Technology Development Institute Department of Science and Technology, DOST Cpd., Bicutan, Taguig, Metro Manila, Philippines
What is BIODIESEL?
Refers to neat vegetable oils used as diesel fuel as well as neat methyl esters prepared from vegetable oils or animal fats and even blends of conventional diesel fuel with vegetable oils or methyl esters.
CH2COOR
CHCOOR CH2COOR
Triglyceride
CH2OH
+ 3 CH3OH
Methanol
3 CH3COOR + CHOH
Methyl ester
CH2OH
Glycerol
Environment friendly
Fuel properties comparable to mineral diesel Can be produced from any kind of oil (vegetable, animal source and used frying oils) Being agricultural product, all countries have the abilities to produce and control this energy source
Biodiesel Emissions
Reduction of net carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by 100% Reduction of sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions by 100% Reduction of soot emissions by 40-60% Reduction of carbon monoxide (CO) emissions by 1050% Reduction of hydrocarbon emissions by 10-50% Reduction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Reduction or increase of nitrous oxide (NOx) emissions by 5-10% depending on the age of the vehicle and the tuning of the engine.
Test Method PNS 613 / ASTM D 93 PNS 707 / ASTM D 2709 PNS 407 / ASTM D 445 PNS 2025 / ASTM D 874 PNS 504 / ASTM D 2622 PNS 1685 / ASTM D 5453 PNS 505 / ASTM D 4294 PNS 502 / ASTM D 1266 PNS 379 / ASTM D 130 PNS 653 / ASTM D 613 PNS 706 / ASTM D 2500 PNS 708 / ASTM D 4530 PNS 2024 / ASTM D 664 PNS 2026 / ASTM D 974 a PNS 2022 / AOCS Ea6-51 (1989) PNS 2023 / AOCS Ca 14 -- 56 (1997)a PNS 2028 / ASTM D 4951 PNS 2027 / ASTM D 1160
Copper strip corrosion 3 hrs @ 50 C max. Cetane number, min. o Cloud point, C max. Carbon residue,100% sample,% mass, max. Acid number, mg KOH/g,max. Free glycerin, % mass, max. Total glycerin, % mass, max. Phosphorus,% mass,max. o Distillation AET 90% recovered C, max. Transition standard (Source:DOE/TCPPA)
a
2.32
0.24
450.00 400.00 350.00 300.00 250.00 200.00 150.00 100.00 50.00 0.00
0 200 1 , 400 3, 900 5, 033 1 5, 663 1 6, 928
386.67
10.80 10.60 10.40 10.20 10.00 9.80 9.60 9.40 9.20 9.00 8.80 1500 2000 2500 3000
RPM
TORQUE (kg-m)
3500
4000
4500
Torque curve increase between 2.5% to 3.2% for CME blends as compared to Low Sulfur Diesel (LSD)
2.5 with 1% CME 2 1.6 1.5 1.05 1 0.54 0.5 0.28 0.39 0.19 0.26 0.79 1.89 1.9 w/o CME 1.53
SUMMARY
BIODIESEL (FAME) is a stable, cleaner-burning diesel fuel replacement made from natural, renewable and biodegradable sources. It cuts emission, no sulfur, no lead, no halogens, easy to make and safe to handle. No doubt it is a very promising fuel alternative leading to cleaner environment.
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