Basic Concepts of Data Communications

Chapter 2

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Objectives

At the end of this chapter, students should:

Be able to differentiate between host and terminal Be able to differentiate between bit and byte Be able to explain various types of character code Be able to explain the different types of transmission modes.
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Contents
Host vs. Terminal Bits vs. Byte Character Code Serial vs. Parallel Transmission Asynchronous vs. Synchronous Transmission Simplex, Half-Duplex & Full-Duplex Communications

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Host vs. Terminal

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Host
A computer on a network that provides services to other computers on the network Accessed by a user working at a remote location. System that contains data is called the host, while the computer at which the user sits is called the terminal.

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Host

Types of host: (revision of OSK topic)

Super Computer Mainframe Mini Computer Micro Computer

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Terminal

Some definitions of terminal:

A device that allows users to send commands to a computer somewhere else. A monitor and keyboard attached to a computer (usually a mainframe), used for data entry and display. Unlike a personal computer, a terminal does not have its own CPU or hard disk
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Terminal

Some definitions of terminal:

A computer Workstation linked to a Server or other computer over a network on which a user may display information Machine that allows you to send commands to a remote computer A device that works as a client of a central computer or host in a network
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Terminal

Types of terminal
Dumb Smart Intelligent

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Terminal

Dumb Terminal
A computer terminal with no processing or programming capabilities, generally used for simple data entry or retrieval tasks. Consist of a keyboard and display monitor Keyboard is used to sent data to the CPU Display monitor acts as output device that accepts data from the CPU.
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Terminal

Smart Terminal
A terminal that can do some processing, usually to edit data it receives Consist of keyboard, display monitor and memory Has the capability of sending additional information to host such as terminal address, error control etc.

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Terminal

Intelligent
A terminal that has both memory and data processing capabilities Contains not only a keyboard and screen, but also has built-in processing capabilities and storage devices Programmable terminal to perform new tasks such as, write data to the storage devices.
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Host vs. Terminal

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Bits vs. Bytes

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Bits

A bit is the smallest unit of information that can be stored or manipulated on a computer It consists of either zero or one. Depending on meaning, implication, or even style it could instead be described as false/true, off/on, no/yes, and so on. We can also call a bit a binary digit, especially when working with the 0 or 1 values
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Bytes
A byte also happens to be how many bits are needed to represent letters of the alphabet and other characters. For example, the letter "A" would be 0100 0001

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Bytes
Revision Hexadecimal

0100 = ? 1000 = ? 1010 = ?

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Bit vs. Byte

The Basic Data Transfer kilo (k)* = 10 ^ 3 = 1,000 mega (M) = 10 ^ 6 = 1,000,000 giga (G) = 10 ^ 9 = 1,000,000,000 tera (T) = 10 ^ 12 = 1,000,000,000,000 (thousand) (million) (billion) (trillion)

* Note: k = kilobit K = Kilobyte

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Bit vs. Byte

Data Storage / Memory Math 1 byte (B) = 8 bits (b) 1 Kilobyte (K / KB) = 2^10 bytes = 1,024 bytes 1 Megabyte (M / MB) = 2^20 bytes = 1,048,576 bytes 1 Gigabyte (G / GB) = 2^30 bytes = 1,073,741,824 bytes 1 Terabyte (T / TB) = 2^40 bytes = 1,099,511,627,776 bytes

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Character Code

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Data Representation

Information comes in different forms

Text, numbers, images ,audio, video, etc.

With few exceptions, digital computers communicate through a series of 1s and 0s known as bits. This binary representation can also be thought of as being on and off.

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Data Representation

Groups of bits are referred to as bytes

In most systems, a byte consists of 8 bits Usually each byte represents a single character

A-Z, a-z, 0-9 punctuation characters (e.g., @, #, %) special characters (LF, CR, ESC)

Bits and bytes are closely related to the binary number system.

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Character Codes

The relationship of bytes to characters is determined by a character code Each time a user presses a key on a terminal/PC, a binary code is generated for the corresponding character.

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Character Codes

Various character codes have been used in data communication including:

Morse, Baudot EBCDIC, ASCII Unicode

Regardless of the character code, both the terminal/ host or sender/receiver must recognize the same coding scheme

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Morse Code
First character code developed For transmitting data over telegraph wires

telegrams

Used dots (short beep) and dashes (long beeps) instead of 1s and 0s More frequent the character, the fewer the beeps

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Morse Code

Problems:
variable length character representation required pauses between letters no lower case, few punctuation or special characters no error detection mechanism

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Baudot Code

One of first codes developed for machine to machine communication Uses 1s and 0s instead of dots and dashes For transmitting telex messages (punch tape)

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Baudot Code

Fixed character length (5-bits)

32 different codes increased capacity by using two codes for shifting
11111 (32) 11011 (27) punctuation)

Shift to Lower (letters) Shift to Upper (digits,

4 special codes for SP, CR, LF & blank Total = 26 + 26 + 4 = 56 different characters
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Badout Code

Problems:
required shift code to switch between character sets no lower case, few special characters no error detection mechanism characters not ordered by binary value designed for transmitting data, not for data processing

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Badout Code

International Baudot
Added a 6th bit for parity Used to detect errors within a single character

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EBCDIC

Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code 8-bit character code developed by IBM
used for data communication, processing and storage extended earlier proprietary 6-bit BCD code designed for backward compatibility or marketing? still in use today on some mainframes and legacy systems.

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EBCDIC

Allows for 256 different character representations (28)

includes upper and lower case lots of special characters (non-printable) lots of blank (non-used codes)

assigned to international characters in various versions

used with/without parity (block transmissions)

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ASCII Code

American Standard Code for Information Interchange 7-bit code developed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Allows for 128 different character representations (27)
most popular data communication character code today

includes upper and lower case lots of special characters (non-printable) generally used with an added parity bit better binary ordering of characters than EBCDIC
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ASCII Code

Extended ASCII uses 8 data bits and no parity

Used for processing and storage of data Allows for international characters 8th bit stripped of for transmission of standard character set

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Designed to support international languages:

Latin; Greek; Cyrillic; Armenian; Hebrew; Arabic; Syriac; Thaana; Devanagari; Bengali; Gurmukhi; Oriya; Tamil; Telegu; Kannada; Malayalam; Sinhala; Thai; Lao; Tibetan; Myanmar; Georgian; Hangul; Ethiopic; Cherokee; Canadian-Aboriginal Syllabics; Ogham; Runic; Khmer; Mongolian; Han (Japanese, Chinese, Korean ideographs); Hiragana; Katakana; Bopomofo and Yi

UNICODE

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UNICODE

Uses a 16-bit code for total of 65,536 possible char.

Incorporates ASCII in first 128 codes Incorporates LATIN in first 256 codes

Support found in newer hardware & software, especially web technologies (e.g., JAVA, XML, HTML) For more see www.unicode.org

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Summary of Character Codes

Morse = Baudot = Int. Baudot ASCII = or = EBCDIC = or = UNICODE = .5 bit (no parity) = 6 bit (5 data + 1 parity) 8 bit (7 data + 1 parity)

8 bit (no parity) 9 bit (8 data + 1 parity) 8 bit (no parity) 16 bits (no parity)

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Summary of Character Codes

Normally terminals and hosts must use the same code However, code conversion hardware/software can be used to allow different machines to communicate Bits per character affect

storage requirements throughput of information

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Summary of Character Codes

Use of larger codes became feasible due to

higher transmission speeds denser storage mediums

Choice of character coding scheme is a trade off between

simplicity & brevity expressivity
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Serial vs. Parallel Transmission

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Data Transmissions

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Transmission Mode

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Parallel
Multiple bits travel down individual wires in a parallel mode Faster than serial Shorter distances than possible with serial

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Parallel Transmission

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Serial
Bits travel along a single wire, one at a time Slower than parallel Longer distances possible than with parallel Examples

USB (universal serial bus) - high-speed, multipoint serial connection standard IEEE-1394 (Firewire) - higher speed (than USB), multipoint serial connection standard

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Serial

Serial transmission can be divided into two modes:

Synchronous Asynchronous

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Serial Transmission

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Asynchronous
Timing of devices independently established Start and stop bits are used to establish timing for each character transmitted Character-at-a-time transmission Overhead includes start bit and one or more stop bits per character transmitted

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Note: In asynchronous transmission, we send 1 start bit (0) at the beginning and 1 or more stop bits (1s) at the end of each byte. There may be a gap between each byte.

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Note: Asynchronous here means asynchronous at the byte level, but the bits are still synchronized; their durations are the same.

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Synchronous
Timing is established by the exchange of a clocking signal supplied by a device or embedded in the carrier Block-at-a-time transmission Synchronization characters precede and follow the data block Overhead includes bits in synchronization characters

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Note: In synchronous transmission, we send bits one after another without start/stop bits or gaps. It is the responsibility of the receiver to group the bits.

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Transmissions Efficiency

Transmissions Efficiency

efficiency =data transmitted X 100 total bits sent

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Transmissions Efficiency

Example Compare a 10K Byte data transmission using i. Asynchronous (1 start & 1 stop bit) ii. Synchronous (10 bytes for whole transmission) Determine the efficiency (10 kBytes = 80 kbits).
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Transmissions Efficiency

Solution

Asynchronous: Add 2 bits (1 Start and 1 Stop bits) for every byte transmitted. 80 kbits + 20 kbits = total of 100 kbits transmitted

efficiency = data transmitted X 100 total bits sent

= 80 X 100 100 = 80 %

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Transmissions Efficiency
Solution Synchronous Add 10 bytes (80 bits) for the complete 10K byte data packet.

80 kbits + 80 bits = total of transmitted

efficiency = data transmitted x 100 = 80 000 X 100 80 080 = 99.9%
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Simplex, Half-Duplex & Full-Duplex Transmission Directions

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Transmission Characteristics

A character code determines what bits we will send between a terminal and host But how will those bits be sent: Direction of Transmission Path Parallel vs. Serial Transmission Serial Transmission Timing Line Topology Others which well look at later speed organization of data (protocol) transmission media
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Flow of Transmission Path

Simplex Half duplex Full duplex

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Simplex
Data in a simplex channel is always one way. Simplex channels are not often used because it is not possible to send back error or control signals to the transmit end. It's like a one way street. An example of simplex is Television, or Radio

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Simplex

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Half-Duplex

A half-duplex channel can send and receive, but not at the same time. It's like a one-lane bridge where two way traffic must give way in order to cross. Only one end transmits at a time, the other end receives. In addition, it is possible to perform error detection and request the sender to retransmit information that arrived corrupted.
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Half-Duplex
In some aspects, you can think of Internet surfing as being half-duplex, as a user issues a request for a web document, then that document is downloaded and displayed before the user issues another request. Another example of half-duplex is talk-back radio

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Half Duplex

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Full-Duplex
Data can travel in both directions simultaneously. There is no need to switch from transmit to receive mode like in half duplex. Its like a two lane bridge on a twolane highway.

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Full-Duplex

An example can be a consumer which uses a cable connection to not only receive TV channels, but also the same cable to support their phone and Internet surfing. All these activities can occur simultaneously.

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Full Duplex

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