PROPERTIES

OF MATTER
IN BULK
 MATTER : A MACRO
VIEW

STATES OF MATTER :
•SOLID
• Visible, tangible, rigid or plastic
•LIQUID
• Visible, tangible, not rigid nor plastic,
fluid
•GAS
• Particles can not be seen, intangible,
highly compressible, capable of active
movement
 GASES

•Indefinite shape and indefinite volume

•The higher the temperature, the faster gas
particles move and the larger the volume of
space they will occupy.

Properties that describe physical behavior of

gases:
• Amount of gas (usually measured in moles)
• Volume (Liters or milliliters)
• Pressure ( atmosphere ; 1 atm = 760 mmHg = 101 kPa)
• Temperature (Kelvin; K = oC + 273.15)
 GASES

Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases

•Gases are made up of tiny, invisible, particles

called molecules separated by great distances but
are in a constant, random and straight line motion.
•Gas molecules collide with one another and with
the walls of the container.
•Collisions are elastic: the total energy remains
constant
•Kinetic energy of the gas molecules is directly
proportional to the absolute temperature.
 GASES

Gas molecules may be :

•Monoatomic He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
•Diatomic H2, O2, N2, CO, Cl2
•Triatomic CO2, O3, NO2, SO2
•Tetratomic NH3, C2H2, PH3
•Pentatomic CH4
 GAS LAWS

•BOYLE’S LAW (Robert Boyle, 1662)

•For a fixed amount of gas at constant
temperature(T), gas volume(V) is
inversely proportional to gas pressure (P).

PV = c (constant)
P1V1 = P2V2
P

V
 GAS LAWS

•CHARLES’ LAW (Jacques Charles, 1787)

•For a fixed amount of gas at constant P,
V is directly proportional to the
absolute T.

V/ T = c (constant)
V1 V2
= V

T1 T2

T in K
 GAS LAWS

• IDEAL GAS EQUATION

PV = nRT

R = universal gas constant = 0.08205 L-atm/ mol-K

P = atm
T=K
V=L
n = number of moles of the gas
n = mass of gas sample
molecular mass of the gas
 GAS LAWS

•DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE

(John Dalton)
•The total pressure of a mixture of a gas is
the sum of all the partial pressure of the
components of the mixture.

PHe = 6 atm + PAr= 2 atm = Ptotal= 8 atm

 GAS LAWS

•GRAHAM’S LAW OF EFFUSION

• Light gases move faster than heavy
ones.
• The rates of diffusion of gases are
inversely proportional to the square
roots of their molecular masses and
their densities.
Rate 1 = (M2)1/2 = (ρ2)1/2
Rate 2 = (M1)1/2 = (ρ1)1/2
 GAS LAWS

•AVOGADRO’S LAW
• At fixed T and P, the volume of a gas is
directly proportional to the amount of
gas.

• One mole of a gas at STP (1 atm, 0oC) occupies a

volume of 22.4 L.
• One mole of a gas contains 6.02 x 1023 molecules.
 Test Yourself

1.      A gas at constant temperature exhibits a pressure of 1

atm and occupies a volume of 25 liters. Calculate: a) the
volume the gas will occupy if the pressure is increased to 1.5
atm; b) the pressure of the gas if the volume is increased to
50 liters.
 
2.      At gas at constant pressure occupies a volume of 10
liters at 250C. Calculate: a) the volume the gas will occupy if
the temperature is increased to 1000C; b) the temperature
at which the volume of the gas will be 5 liters.
 
3.      A volume of gas equal to 25 liters was collected at 250C
and 1.00 atm pressure. What would be the volume of the gas
if it were collected at 1000C and 0.85 atm pressure?
 LIQUIDS

•Practically incompressible
•Indefinite shape but definite volume
•Diffuse slowly and evaporate from open containers
•Properties
•Surface tension
•Vapor pressure
•Viscosity
•Boiling pt
•Freezing pt
 LIQUIDS

•SURFACE TENSION
•Energy or work required to increase the surface
area of a liquid.
•VISCOSITY
•The resistance to flow.
•VAPOR PRESSURE
•Pressure exerted by a vapor (gas) with its liquid.
•Volatile –high vapor pressure
•Non-volatile –low vapor pressure
 INTERPARTICLE FORCES
OF ATTRACTION

•LONDON DISPERSION or induced dipole

•Non-polar molecules (CH4, H2, CO2)
•DIPOLE-DIPOLE
•Polar molecules (H2O, NH3)
•H-BONDING
•H attached to a highly electronegative
atom like F, N, O, Cl, S (H2O, NH3 )
•ELECTROSTATIC
•Cations and anions or electrostatic
(NaCl, CaO)
 SOLIDS

•Definite volumes and shapes

•Particles are packed against one another
•Particles vibrate about fixed points
•Maybe crystalline or amorphous
•Crystal lattice is due to strong
interparticle forces of attraction
 SOLUTIONS
•HOMOGENOUS MIXTURES: solute and
solvent
Solvent Solute

•SOLUBILITY - maximum amount of solute

which can dissolve in a given amount of solvent
•CONCENTRATION of solutions
•Dilute/concentrated
•Saturated/unsaturated/supersaturated
 FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY

•NATURE OF SOLUTE AND SOLVENT

•Like dissolves like
•Ionic and polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents like H2O
•Non-polar solutes dissolve in non-polar solvents
•SURFACE AREA
•Greater surface area means greater solubility
•AGITATION
•Stirring aids solubility
•TEMPERATURE
•Generally, solubility of solutes increases with increase in T
•For gases, increase in T decreases solubility
•PRESSURE
 TYPES OF SOLUTIONS

Solute Solvent Examples

S S alloys – steel, brass
L S amalgams - Hg in metal
G S H2 in palladium
S L salt in water
L L gasoline
G L carbonated drinks
G G air
 ACIDS AND BASES

ACID
•Gives a characteristic sour taste
•Turns blue litmus red
•Produces H3O+ or H+ in solution
HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl-
•Strong acids (HCl, HNO3, H2SO4)
•Completely dissociated in solution
•Weak acids (CH3COOH, HCN, lactic acid)
•Incompletely dissociated in solution
 ACIDS AND BASES

BASE
•has a characteristic bitter taste
•gives a slippery or soapy feeling on the skin
•Turns red litmus blue
•Yields OH- in solution

NEUTRALIZATION
•acid + base gives salt and water

HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O

 ACIDS AND BASES
pH
•Measure of acidity
•pH = - log[H+] where [ H+] is moles per liter of H+
•pOH = - log [OH-]
•pH + pOH = 14 at 25oC
blood Fresh eggwhite
vinegar ‘pure’ rain ammonia

0 acidic 7 basic 14
pH neutral pH

BUFFERS
•Solutions which resist drastic changes in pH
 ACIDS
Name Formula Locations
Acetic acid HC2H3O2 Vinegar
Acetylsalicylic acid HC9H7O4 Aspirin
Ascorbic acid H2C6H6O6 Vitamin C
Citric acid H3C6H5O7 Lemon juice, citrus fruits
Hydrochloric acid HCI Gastric juices (digestive fluid)
Sulfuric acid H2SO4 Batteries
BASES
Name Formula Locations
Ammonia NH3 Household cleaners
Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 Slaked lime (mortar for construction)
Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2 Milk of magnesia (antacid, laxative)
Potassium hydroxide KOH Soft soap (also called caustic potash)
Sodium hydroxide NaOH Drain and oven cleaners
 COLLOIDS
•Dividing line between solutions and heterogeneous mixtures
•Tyndall effect: scattering of light by colloidal particles
Particle Medium Type of Dispersion
Liquid Gas Liquid aerosol
Liquid Liquid Emulsion
Liquid Solid Solid emulsions
Solid Gas Solid aerosols
Solid Liquid Sol
Solid Solid Solid sol
Gas Liquid Foam
Gas Solid Solid foam
The end