ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Study of CARBON compounds

Examples: Plastic, fibers, dyes and
drugs, insecticides, perfumes,
vitamins, hormones, foods,
solvents…, carbohydrates,
proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
• HYDROCARBONS – chains or rings;
saturated or unsaturated
• ALKANES – CnH2n+2 – C C
– Methane CH4
– Ethane C2H6
– Propane C3H8
– Butane C4H10
– Pentane C5H12
– Hexane C6H14
ALKENES – CnH2n – C=C
– Ethene C2H4
– Propene C3H6
– Butene C4H8
– Pentene C5H10
ALKYNES – CnH2n-2 – C C
AROMATIC

ALKYL HALIDES - RX
 OXYGEN CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS
ALCOHOL - ROH

PHENOL – aromatic alcohol

ETHER - ROR
ALDEHYDE - RHC=O
KETONE – RRC=O

CARBOXYLIC ACID
(OIC ACID) – HO-C=O
AMIDE – N-C=O

ESTER – O-C=O

AMINES – RNH2
 TEST YOURSELF
Identify the functional groups
present:
CH2OH

COOH O
H COH O
O
O C C H3
H

HO OH
Ascorbic acid Acetylsalicylic acid or Aspirin
 CH3 CH3

N O O N

2 CH3COCCH3

OH CH3C O O O CCH3
HO O
O Heroin O
Morphine
 CH3
CH3 CH3 CH3 H3C

CH3 β−Carotene CH3 CH3 CH3

CH3

CH3 CH3 CH3

CH2OH
2
CH3
Retinol
CH3
 BIOCHEMISTRY

Primary chemical building blocks

mof LIVING CREATURES: water,
calcium phosphate and sulfate,
fats and lipids, proteins,
carbohydrates, and nucleic acids
CARBOHYDRATES - sugars

MONOSACCHARIDES
 CARBOHYDRATES
DISACCHARIDES – sucrose, lactose,
mannose, cellobiose

POLYSACCHARIDES – starch, glycogen, cellulose

 LIPIDS – fats, phospholipids,
cholesterol, Vitamins A, D, E, K
FATS
O
CH2OH CH2OC(CH2)10CH3
O
CHOH + 3 CH3(CH2)10COOH CHOC(CH2)10CH3
O
CH2OH CH2OC(CH2)10CH3

Glycerol Lauric Acid Fat

PROTEINS – CH3
H
amino acids
H 2N COOH + H2N COOH
H H

Glycine Alanine

peptide bond

H O CH3

H2N C NH COOH
H H

A dipeptide
PRIMARY STRUCTURE – peptide
bond
SECONDARY STRUCTURE –
folding due to hydrogen bonding
PROTEINS
FIBROUS PROTEINS –
keratin, collagen,
fibrin, myosin

GLOBULAR PROTEINS – enzymes

(amylases, proteases), hormones
(testosterone, estrogen, pheromones,
insulin, auxins, adrenaline),
hemoglobin, antibodies
SICKLE-CELL ANEMIA - substitution in its amino
acid sequence (valine, where glutamic acid should be)
causes the four-chained hemoglobin molecule to form
incorrectly when oxygen is low.
NUCLEIC ACIDS –
polynucleotides
NH2
-
O N
D N
Adenine
O P O CH2
N O
N N
-
O H H
A Phosphate H H
OH H
Deoxyribose
Francis Crick and James Watson
The deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) molecule is the genetic
blueprint for each cell and
ultimately the blueprint that
determines every characteristic
of a living organism. The DNA
molecule was discovered in
1951 by Francis Crick, James
Watson, and Maurice Wilkins
using X-ray diffraction. In 1953
Crick, left, and Watson, right,
described the structure of the
DNA molecule as a DOUBLE
HELIX, somewhat like a spiral
staircase with many individual
steps. In 1962 Crick, Watson,
and Wilkins received the Nobel
Prize for their pioneering work
 ATG T GC T GC G
C A
TA C A CG A A T G T
CG TA CGT A C

BASE PAIRS: Adenine (A) and Thymine

(T)
Cytosine (C) and Guanine
REPLICATION:
(G) DNA to DNA
TRANSCRIPTION – DNA to RNA
The helical DNA molecule
unwinds, leaving the sense
strand (the sequence from
which the RNA is
assembled) accessible. The
enzyme that controls the
reaction recognizes a
“start” region, called the
promoter, in the DNA
sequence. Nucleotides are
added one by one in
complementary order: C in
DNA to G in RNA, G to C, T
to A, and A to U.
TRANSLATION – RNA to proteins
HUMAN GENOME PROJECT: Trillions
of cells, each cell: 46 human
chromosomes, 2 meters of DNA, 3
billion DNA bases, ~ 30,000 genes
code for proteins
RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS
1. The HGP will make possible the analysis of the
mutations that cause GENETIC DISEASES. It will provide
information needed to develop medicines and
procedures for treating these diseases.
2. FORENSIC SCIENCE uses techniques developed in DNA
research to identify individuals who have committed
crimes. DNA from semen, skin, or blood taken from the
crime scene can be compared with the DNA of a suspect,
and the results can be used in court as evidence.
3. Techniques of DNA manipulation are used in farming, in the
form of GENETIC ENGINEERING and BIOTECHNOLOGY.
Strains of crop plants to which genes have been transferred may
produce higher yields and may be more resistant to insects.
Cattle have been similarly treated to increase milk and beef
production, as have hogs, to yield more meat and less fat.
Down Syndrome - Trisomy
21
Normally a fertilized egg
possesses only two copies
of each chromosome. Down
syndrome is a chromosomal
disorder in which, in some
cases, there are three
copies of the 21st
chromosome, a defect
known as Trisomy 21. Down
syndrome causes certain
learning disabilities and
physical symptoms.
Enzymes and Genetic Engineering
1. In genetic engineering, scientists use restriction enzymes to isolate a
segment of DNA that contains a gene of interest, for example, the gene
regulating insulin production. 2. A plasmid extracted from its bacteria and
treated with the same restriction enzyme can hybridize with this fragment’s
“sticky” ends of complementary DNA. 3. The hybrid plasmid is reincorporated
into the bacterial cell, where it replicates as part of the cell’s DNA. 4. A large
number of daughter cells can be cultured and their gene products extracted
for human use.