The Fourier Series

Joseph Fourier 1768 - 1830

Joseph Fourier
Fourier was
obsessed with the
physics of heat and
developed the
Fourier series and
transform to model
heat-flow problems.
Anharmonic waves are sums of sinusoids.
Consider the sum of two sine waves (i.e., harmonic waves)
of different frequencies:
The resulting wave is periodic, but not harmonic.
Essentially all waves are anharmonic.
Fourier
decomposing
functions
Here, we write a
square wave as
a sum of sine
waves.
sin(et)
sin(3et)
sin(5et)
A Fourier series is an expansion of a
periodic function f (t) in terms of an infinite sum
of cosines and sines
Introduction

=
+ + =
1
0
) sin cos (
2
) (
n
n n
t n b t n a
a
t f e e
In other words, any periodic function can be
resolved as a summation of
constant value and cosine and sine functions:

=
+ + =
1
0
) sin cos (
2
) (
n
n n
t n b t n a
a
t f e e
) sin cos (
1 1
t b t a e e + +
2
0
a
=
) 2 sin 2 cos (
2 2
t b t a e e + +
) 3 sin 3 cos (
3 3
t b t a e e + + +
The computation and study of Fourier
series is known as harmonic analysis and
is extremely useful as a way to break up
an arbitrary periodic function into a set of
simple terms that can be plugged in,
solved individually, and then recombined
to obtain the solution to the original
problem or an approximation to it to
whatever accuracy is desired or practical.
=
+ +
+ + +
Periodic Function
2
0
a
t a e cos
1
t a e 2 cos
2
t b e sin
1
t b e 2 sin
2
f(t)
t

=
+ + =
1
0
) sin cos (
2
) (
n
n n
t n b t n a
a
t f e e
where
}
=
T
dt t f
T
a
0
0
) (
2
frequency l Fundementa
2
= =
T
t
e
}
=
T
n
tdt n t f
T
a
0
cos ) (
2
e
}
=
T
n
tdt n t f
T
b
0
sin ) (
2
e
*we can also use the integrals limit .
}
=
T
dt t f
T
a
0
0
) (
2
}

2 /
2 /
T
T
Example 1
Determine the Fourier series representation of the
following waveform.
Solution
First, determine the period & describe the one period
of the function:
T = 2

< <
< <
=
2 1 , 0
1 0 , 1
) (
t
t
t f
) ( ) 2 ( t f t f = +
Then, obtain the coefficients a
0
, a
n
and b
n
:
1 0 1 0 1 ) (
2
2
) (
2
2
1
1
0
2
0 0
0
= = + = = =
} } } }
dt dt dt t f dt t f
T
a
T
Or, since
y = f(t) over the interval [a,b], hence
}
b
a
dt t f ) (
is the total area below graph
1 ) 1 1 (
2
2
] , 0 [ over
graph below Area
2
) (
2
0
0
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
}
T T
dt t f
T
a
T
t
t
t
t
t
e
n
n
n
t n
dt tdt n
tdt n t f
T
a
n
sin sin
0 cos 1
cos ) (
2
1
0
2
1
1
0
2
0
=
(

= + =
=
} }
}
Notice that n is integer which leads ,
since
0 sin = t n
0 3 sin 2 sin sin = = = = t t t
Therefore, .
0 =
n
a
t
t
t
t
t
e
n
n
n
t n
dt tdt n
tdt n t f
T
b
n
cos 1 cos
0 sin 1
sin ) (
2
1
0
2
1
1
0
2
0

=
(

= + =
=
} }
}
1 5 cos 3 cos cos = = = = t t t
1 6 cos 4 cos 2 cos = = = = t t t
Notice that
Therefore,

=

=
even , 0
odd , / 2
) 1 ( 1
n
n n
n
b
n
n
t
t
or
n
n ) 1 ( cos = t
+ + + + =
(

+ =
+ + =

=
t t t
t n
n
t n b t n a
a
t f
n
n
n
n n
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
e e
5 sin
5
2
3 sin
3
2
sin
2
2
1
sin
) 1 ( 1
2
1
) sin cos (
2
) (
1
1
0
Finally,

Some helpful identities
For n integers,
n
n ) 1 ( cos = t
0 sin = t n
0 2 sin = t n 1 2 cos = t n
x x sin ) sin( = x x cos ) cos( =
[Supplementary]
The sum of the Fourier series terms can
evolve (progress) into the original
waveform
From Example 1, we obtain
+ + + + = t t t t f t
t
t
t
t
t
5 sin
5
2
3 sin
3
2
sin
2
2
1
) (
It can be demonstrated that the sum will
lead to the square wave:
t t t t t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
7 sin
7
2
5 sin
5
2
3 sin
3
2
sin
2
+ + + t t t t
t
t
t
t
t
5 sin
5
2
3 sin
3
2
sin
2
+ +
t t t
t
t
t
3 sin
3
2
sin
2
+ t t
t
sin
2
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
t t t t t t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
9 sin
9
2
7 sin
7
2
5 sin
5
2
3 sin
3
2
sin
2
+ + + +
t t t t
t
t
t
t
t
23 sin
23
2
3 sin
3
2
sin
2
2
1
+ + + +
(e)
(f)
Example 2
Given
, ) ( t t f = 1 1 s s t
) ( ) 2 ( t f t f = +
Sketch the graph of f (t) such that . 3 3 s s t
Then compute the Fourier series expansion of f (t).
Solution
The function is described by the following graph:
T = 2
t
t
e = =
T
2
We find that
Then we compute the coefficients:
0
2
1 1
2 2
2
) (
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
0
=

=
(

= =
=

}
}
t
tdt
dt t f
T
a
0
cos cos
) cos( cos
0
cos )] sin( [ sin
sin sin
cos cos ) (
2
2 2
2 2
1
1
2 2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
=

=

+ =
(

+

=

=
= =

}
} }
t
t t
t
t t
t
t
t
t t
t
t
t
t
t e
n
n n
n
n n
n
t n
n
n n
dt
n
t n
n
t n t
tdt n t tdt n t f
T
a
n
since
x x cos ) cos( =
t t t
t
t
t t
t
t
t
t
t
t t
t
t
t
t
t e
n n n
n
n
n n
n
n
n
t n
n
n n
dt
n
t n
n
t n t
tdt n t tdt n t f
T
b
n n
n
1
2 2
1
1
2 2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
) 1 ( 2 ) 1 ( 2 cos 2
) sin( sin cos 2
sin )] cos( [ cos
cos cos
sin sin ) (
2
+

= =

+ =
(

+
+
=
+
(

=
= =
}
} }
+ =

=
+ + =

=
+

=
t t t
t n
n
t n b t n a
a
t f
n
n
n
n n
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
e e
3 sin
3
2
2 sin
2
2
sin
2
sin
) 1 ( 2
) sin cos (
2
) (
1
1
1
0
Finally,

Example 3
Given

< <
< <
=
4 2 , 0
2 0 , 2
) (
t
t t
t v
) ( ) 4 ( t v t v = +
Sketch the graph of v (t) such that . 12 0 s st
Then compute the Fourier series expansion of v (t).
Solution
The function is described by the following graph:
T = 4
2
2 t t
e = =
T
We find that
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
t
v (t)
2
Then we compute the coefficients:
1
2
2
2
1
) 2 (
2
1
0 ) 2 (
4
2
) (
2
2
0
2
2
0
4
2
2
0
4
0
0
=
(

= =
)
`

+ =
=
}
} }
}
t
t dt t
dt dt t
dt t v
T
a
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
0
2 2
2
0
2
0
4
2
2
0
4
0
] ) 1 ( 1 [ 2 ) cos 1 ( 2
2
2 cos 1
cos
2
1
0
sin
2
1 sin ) 2 (
2
1
0 cos ) 2 (
2
1
cos ) (
2
t t
t
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e e
n n
n
n
n
n
t n
dt
n
t n
n
t n t
tdt n t tdt n t v
T
a
n
n

=

=
(

+ =
+
(

=
+ = =
}
} } }
t e e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e e
n n n
n
n
n
t n
n
dt
n
t n
n
t n t
tdt n t tdt n t v
T
b
n
2 1
2
2 sin 1
sin
2
1 1
cos
2
1 cos ) 2 (
2
1
0 sin ) 2 (
2
1
sin ) (
2
2 2
2
0
2 2
2
0
2
0
4
2
2
0
4
0
= = =
(

=
+ = =
}
} } }
since
0 sin 2 sin = = t e n n

=
)
`

|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|

+ =
+ + =
1
2 2
1
0
2
sin
2
2
cos
] ) 1 ( 1 [ 2
2
1
) sin cos (
2
) (
n
n
n
n n
t n
n
t n
n
t n b t n a
a
t v
t
t
t
t
e e
Finally,

Symmetry Considerations
Symmetry functions:
(i) even symmetry
(ii) odd symmetry
Even symmetry
Any function f (t) is even if its plot is
symmetrical about the vertical axis, i.e.

) ( ) ( t f t f =
Even symmetry (cont.)
The examples of even functions are:
2
) ( t t f =
t t
t
| | ) ( t t f =
t t f cos ) ( =
Even symmetry (cont.)
The integral of an even function from A to
+A is twice the integral from 0 to +A
t
} }
+ +

=
A A
A
dt t f dt t f
0
even even
) ( 2 ) (
A +A
) (
even
t f
Odd symmetry
Any function f (t) is odd if its plot is
antisymmetrical about the vertical axis, i.e.

) ( ) ( t f t f =
Odd symmetry (cont.)
The examples of odd functions are:
3
) ( t t f =
t
t
t
t t f = ) (
t t f sin ) ( =
Odd symmetry (cont.)
The integral of an odd function from A to
+A is zero
t
0 ) (
odd
=
}
+

A
A
dt t f
A +A
) (
odd
t f
Even and odd functions
(even) (even) = (even)
(odd) (odd) = (even)
(even) (odd) = (odd)
(odd) (even) = (odd)

The product properties of even and odd
functions are:

Symmetry consideration
From the properties of even and odd
functions, we can show that:
for even periodic function;
}
=
2 /
0
cos ) (
4
T
n
tdt n t f
T
a e
0 =
n
b
for odd periodic function;
}
=
2 /
0
sin ) (
4
T
n
tdt n t f
T
b e
0
0
= =
n
a a
How?? [Even function]
2
T

2
T
} }
= =

2 /
0
2 /
2 /
cos ) (
4
cos ) (
2
T T
T
n
tdt n t f
T
tdt n t f
T
a e e
(even) (even)
| |
(even)
0 sin ) (
2
2 /
2 /
= =
}

T
T
n
tdt n t f
T
b e
(even) (odd)
| |
(odd)
) (t f
t
How?? [Odd function]
2
T

2
T
} }
= =

2 /
0
2 /
2 /
sin ) (
4
sin ) (
2
T T
T
n
tdt n t f
T
tdt n t f
T
b e e
(odd) (odd)
| |
(even)
0 cos ) (
2
2 /
2 /
= =
}

T
T
n
tdt n t f
T
a e
(odd) (even)
| |
(odd)
) (t f
t
0 ) (
2
2 /
2 /
0
= =
}

T
T
dt t f
T
a
(odd)
L 0 0
-L 0 0
0
0 0
0 0
- 0
If f(x) is an even function
f(x)dx ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 2 ( )
If f(x) is an odd function, then
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
L L
L L
L L
L
L L
L L L
f x dx f x dx f x d x f x dx
f x dx f x dx f x dx
f x dx f x dx f x dx f x d x f x dx

= + = +
= + =

= + = +
} } } } }
} } }
} } } }
0
0
0
( ) ( ) 0
If f(x) is even and g(x) is odd, then
h(x)=f(x)g(x) is an odd function
h(x)=f(x)g(x)=f(-x)[-g(-x)]=-[f(-x)g(-x)]=-h(-x)
L
L
L
f x dx f x dx = + =

}
} }
Example 4
Given

< <
< <
< <
=
2 1 , 1
1 1 ,
1 2 , 1
) (
t
t t
t
t f
) ( ) 4 ( t f t f = +
Sketch the graph of f (t) such that . 6 6 s s t
Then compute the Fourier series expansion of f (t).
Solution
The function is described by the following graph:
T = 4
2
2 t t
e = =
T
We find that
0 4 6 2 4 6
t
f (t)
2
1
1
Then we compute the coefficients. Since f (t) is
an odd function, then
0 ) (
2
2
2
0
= =
}

dt t f
T
a
0 cos ) (
2
2
2
= =
}

tdt n t f
T
a
n
e
and
t
t
e
e
e
e
e
e e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e e
e e
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n n
n
t n
n
n
n
t n
dt
n
t n
n
t n t
tdt n tdt n t
tdt n t f
T
tdt n t f
T
b
n
cos 2 sin 2 cos
cos 2 cos sin cos
cos cos cos
sin 1 sin
4
4
sin ) (
4
sin ) (
2
2 2
1
0
2 2
2
1
1
0
1
0
2
1
1
0
2
0
2
2
= + =

+ =
(

+ +
(

=
(

+ =
= =
}
} }
} }

since
0 sin 2 sin = = t e n n

=
+

=
|
.
|

\
|
=
+ + =
1
1
1
1
0
2
sin
) 1 (
2
2
sin
cos 2
) sin cos (
2
) (
n
n
n
n
n n
t n
n
t n
n
n
t n b t n a
a
t f
t
t
t
t
t
e e
Finally,

Example 5
Compute the Fourier series expansion of f (t).
Solution
The function is described by
T = 3
3
2 2 t t
e = =
T
and

< <
< <
< <
=
3 2 , 1
2 1 , 2
1 0 , 1
) (
t
t
t
t f
) ( ) 3 ( t f t f = +
T = 3
Then we compute the coefficients.
3
8
1
2
3
2 ) 0 1 (
3
4
2 1
3
4
) (
4
) (
2
2 / 3
1
1
0
2 / 3
0
3
0
0
=
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
(

+ = = =
} } } }
dt dt dt t f
T
dt t f
T
a
| |
3
8
) 2 3 ( ) 1 2 ( 2 ) 0 1 (
3
2
1 2 1
3
2
) (
2
3
2
2
1
1
0
3
0
0
= + + =
(

+ + = =
} } } }
dt dt dt dt t f
T
a
Or, since f (t) is an even function, then
Or, simply
3
8
4
3
2
period a in
graph below area Total
2
) (
2
3
0
0
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
}
T
dt t f
T
a
3
2
sin
2
3
2
sin sin 2
2
sin
2
3
sin 2
3
4
sin
2
3
sin 2 sin
3
4
sin 2
3
4 sin
3
4
cos 2 cos 1
3
4
cos ) (
4
cos ) (
2
2 / 3
1
1
0
2 / 3
1
1
0
2 / 3
0
3
0
t
t
t
t
t
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e e
e e
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
t n
n
t n
tdt n tdt n
tdt n t f
T
tdt n t f
T
a
n
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
(

+
(

=
(

+ =
= =
} }
} }
;
3
2t
e =

=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
+ + =
1
1
1
0
3
2
cos
3
2
sin
1 2
3
4
3
2
cos
3
2
sin
2
3
4
) sin cos (
2
) (
n
n
n
n n
t n n
n
t n n
n
t n b t n a
a
t f
t t
t
t t
t
e e
Finally,

and
0 =
n
b
since f (t) is an even function.
Function defines over a finite interval
Fourier series only support periodic functions
In real application, many functions are non-
periodic
The non-periodic functions are often can be
defined over finite intervals, e.g.
y = 1 y = 1
y = 2
Therefore, any non-periodic function must be
extended to a periodic function first, before
computing its Fourier series representation
Normally, we prefer symmetry (even or odd)
periodic extension instead of normal periodic
extension, since symmetry function will provide
zero coefficient of either a
n
or b
n

This can provide a simpler Fourier series
expansion
) (t y
t
) (t f
t
) (
even
t f
) (
odd
t f
t
t
l t t y t f < < = 0 , ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( t f l t f = +
l T =

< <
< <
=
0 , ) (
0 , ) (
) (
t l t y
l t t y
t f
) ( ) 2 ( t f l t f = +
l T 2 =

< <
< <
=
0 , ) (
0 , ) (
) (
t l t y
l t t y
t f
) ( ) 2 ( t f l t f = +
l T 2 =
l 0
l 0 l 2 l l 2
l 0 l 2 l l 2
l 3 l 3
l 3 l 3
l 0 l 2 l l 2 l 3 l 3
T
T
T
Periodic extension
Even periodic extension
Odd periodic extension
Non-periodic
function
Half-range Fourier series expansion
The Fourier series of the even or odd
periodic extension of a non-periodic
function is called as the half-range Fourier
series
This is due to the non-periodic function is
considered as the half-range before it is
extended as an even or an odd function
If the function is extended as an even
function, then the coefficient b
n
= 0, hence

=
+ =
1
0
cos
2
) (
n
n
t n a
a
t f e
which only contains the cosine harmonics.
Therefore, this approach is called as the
half-range Fourier cosine series
If the function is extended as an odd
function, then the coefficient a
n
= 0, hence

=
=
1
sin ) (
n
n
t n b t f e
which only contains the sine harmonics.
Therefore, this approach is called as the
half-range Fourier sine series
Example 6
t < < = t t f 0 , 1 ) (
Compute the half-range Fourier sine series expansion
of f (t), where
Solution
Since we want to seek the half-range sine series,
the function to is extended to be an odd function:
T = 2
1
2
= =
T
t
e
0
t
f (t)
1
1
2 2 0
t
f (t)
1
Hence, the coefficients are
0
0
= =
n
a a
} }
= =
t
t
e
0
2 /
0
sin 1
2
4
sin ) (
4
ntdt tdt n t f
T
b
T
n
and

= =
(

=
even , 0
odd , / 4
) cos 1 (
2 cos 2
0
n
n n
n
n n
nt
t
t
t t
t
Therefore,
nt
n
nt n
n
t f
n
n n
sin
4
sin ) cos 1 (
2
) (
odd
1 1


=

=
= =
t
t
t

Example 7
1 0 , 1 2 ) ( < < = t t t f
Determine the half-range cosine series expansion
of the function
Sketch the graphs of both f (t) and the periodic
function represented by the series expansion for
3 < t < 3.
Solution
Since we want to seek the half-range cosine series,
the function to is extended to be an even function:
T = 2
t
t
e = =
T
2
t
f (t)
t
f (t)
1
2 2
3 3 1
1
1 1
1
1
2
1
Hence, the coefficients are
| | 0 2 ) 1 2 (
2
4
) (
4 1
0
2
1
0
2 /
0
0
= = = =
} }
t t dt t dt t f
T
a
T
1
0
2 2
1
0
1
0
1
0
2 /
0
cos
4
sin 2
2
sin
2
sin ) 1 2 (
2
cos ) 1 2 (
2
4
cos ) (
4
(

+ =

(

=
= =
}
} }
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t e
n
t n
n
n
dt
n
t n
n
t n t
tdt n t tdt n t f
T
a
T
n

=
even , 0
odd , / 8 ) 1 (cos 4
2 2
2 2
n
n n
n
n t
t
t
0 =
n
b
Therefore,

=
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
+ =
odd
1
2 2
odd
1
2 2
1
0
cos
1 8
cos
8
0
cos ) (
n
n
n
n
n
n
t n
n
t n
n
t n a a t f
t
t
t
t
e

Exponential Fourier series
Recall that, from the Eulers identity,
x j x e
jx
sin cos =

yields
2
cos
jx jx
e e
x

+
=
2
sin
j
e e
x
jx jx

=
and
Then the Fourier series representation becomes

=
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
|
.
|

\
|

+ =
(

|
.
|

\
|
+
+
|
.
|

\
|

+ =
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+ =
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+ =
+ + =
1 1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
) sin cos (
2
) (
n
t jn
n n
n
t jn
n n
n
t jn
n n
t jn
n n
n
t jn t jn
n
t jn t jn
n
n
t jn t jn
n
t jn t jn
n
n
n n
e
jb a
e
jb a a
e
jb a
e
jb a a
e e
jb
e e
a
a
j
e e
b
e e
a
a
t n b t n a
a
t f
e e
e e
e e e e
e e e e
e e
Here, let we name


=

=
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
|
.
|

\
|

+ =
1 1
0
2 2 2
) (
n
t jn
n n
n
t jn
n n
e
jb a
e
jb a a
t f
e e
2
n n
n
jb a
c

=
,
2
n n
n
jb a
c
+
=

Hence,

=

=

=
= + + =
+ + =
+ + =
n
t jn
n
n
t jn
n
n
t jn
n
n
t jn
n
n
t jn
n
n
t jn
n
n
t jn
n
e c e c c e c
e c e c c
e c e c c
e e e
e e
e e
1
0
1
1 1
0
1 1
0
and .
2
0
0
a
c =
c
0
c
n c
n
Then, the coefficient c
n
can be derived from
}
}
} }
} }

=
=
(

=
=

=
T
t jn
T
T T
T T
n n
n
dt e t f
T
dt t n j t n t f
T
tdt n t f j tdt n t f
T
tdt n t f
T
j
tdt n t f
T
jb a
c
0
0
0 0
0 0
) (
1
] sin )[cos (
1
sin ) ( cos ) (
1
sin ) (
2
2
cos ) (
2
2
1
2
e
e e
e e
e e
In fact, in many cases, the complex
Fourier series is easier to obtain rather
than the trigonometrical Fourier series
In summary, the relationship between the
complex and trigonometrical Fourier series
are:
2
n n
n
jb a
c

=
2
n n
n
jb a
c
+
=

}
= =
T
dt t f
T
a
c
0
0
0
) (
1
2
}

=
T
t jn
n
dt e t f
T
c
0
) (
1
e
n n
c c =

or
Example 8
Obtain the complex Fourier series of the following
function
t 2 t 4 t 4 t 2 0
t 2
e
1
) (t f
t
Since , . Hence
Solution
| |
t t
t
t
t
t
2
1
2
1
2
1
) (
1
2
2
0
2
0
0
0

= =
=
=
}
}
e
e
dt e
dt t f
T
c
t
t
T
1 = e
t 2 = T
) 1 ( 2
1
) 1 ( 2
1
) 1 ( 2
1
1 2
1
2
1
2
1
) (
1
2 2 2 ) 1 ( 2
2
0
) 1 (
2
0
) 1 (
2
0
0
jn
e
jn
e e
jn
e
jn
e
dt e dt e e
dt e t f
T
c
n j jn
t jn
t jn jnt t
T
t jn
n

=
(

=
= =
=

} }
}
t t t
t
t t
t t t t
t
t t
e
since
1 0 1 2 sin 2 cos
2
= = =

t t
t
n j n e
n j
jnt
n n
t jn
n
e
jn
e
e c t f


=

= =
) 1 ( 2
1
) (
2
t
t
e
Therefore, the complex Fourier series of f (t) is

0
2
0
2
0
2
1
) 1 ( 2
1
c
e
jn
e
c
n
n
n
=

=
=
=
t t
t t
*Notes: Even though c
0
can be found by substituting
c
n
with n = 0, sometimes it doesnt works (as shown
in the next example). Therefore, it is always better to
calculate c
0
alone.
2
2
1 2
1
n
e
c
n
+

=
t
t
c
n
is a complex term, and it depends on n.
Therefore, we may plot a graph of |c
n
| vs n.
In other words, we have transformed the function
f (t) in the time domain (t), to the function c
n
in the
frequency domain (n).
Example 9
Obtain the complex Fourier series of the function in
Example 1.
Solution
2
1
1
2
1
) (
1
1
0 0
0
= = =
} }
dt dt t f
T
c
T
t e =
) 1 (
2 2
1
0 1
2
1
) (
1
1
0
2
1
1
0 0
=
(

=
+ = =

} } }
t
t
t e
t t
jn
t jn
t jn
T
t jn
n
e
n
j
jn
e
dt e dt e t f
T
c
) 1 (
2
=
t
t
jn
n
e
n
j
c
But
n jn
n n j n e ) 1 ( cos sin cos = = =

t t t
t
Thus,

= =
even , 0
odd , /
] 1 ) 1 [(
2 n
n n j
n
j
n
t
t
Therefore,


=
=

=
= =
odd
0
2
1
) (
n
n
n
t jn
n
t jn
n
e
n
j
e c t f
t e
t

*Here notice that .
0
0
c c
n
n
=
=

=
even , 0
odd ,
1
n
n
n
c
n t
The plot of |c
n
| vs n is shown below
2
1
0
= c
0.5
Exercise 1
Obtain the complex Fourier series of the
function bellow;

f(x) =
1, - s x < 0
0, 0 s x <
dx e dx e dx e c
inx inx inx
n
} } }

= + =
0
0
0
) 1 (
2
1
) 0 (
2
1
) 1 (
2
1
t
t
t
t t t
}

= =
0
0
2
1
) 1 (
2
1
t
t
dx c
( ) ) cos 1 (
2
1
2
t
t t
t
n
n
i
e
n
i
c
in
n
= =
Solution

Kita tinjau untuk n = 0 dan n
=
0
a. Untuk n = 0
b. Untuk n
=
0
=
t n
i
n ganjil
0, n genap
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + + + =

...
5
1
3
1
3
1
5
1
...
2
1
) (
5 3 3 5 ix ix ix ix ix ix
e e e e e e
i
x f
t
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + = ...
5
5 sin
3
3 sin
1
sin 2
2
1
) (
x x x
x f
t
Parsevals Theorem
Parservals theorem states that the
average power in a periodic signal is equal
to the sum of the average power in its DC
component and the average powers in its
harmonics

=
+ +
+ + +
2
0
a
t a e cos
1
t a e 2 cos
2
t b e sin
1
t b e 2 sin
2
f(t)
t
P
avg
P
dc
P
a1
P
b1
P
a2 P
b2
For sinusoidal (cosine or sine) signal,
R
V
R
V
R
V
P
2
peak
2
peak
2
rms
2
1 2
=
|
.
|

\
|
= =
For simplicity, we often assume R = 1,
which yields
2
peak
2
1
V P =
For sinusoidal (cosine or sine) signal,

+ + + + +
|
.
|

\
|
=
+ + + + + =
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
0
dc avg
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2 2 1 1
b a b a
a
P P P P P P
b a b a

=
+ + =
1
2 2 2
0 avg
) (
2
1
4
1
n
n n
b a a P
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =

}

=
+
) ( ) 2 / (
2
1
) (
1 2
2
1
2
0
2
n
n
n
L a
a
b a a x f
L
inpx
n
e c x f

= ) (
2
2
) (
1

}

=
+
=
n
n
L a
a
c x f
L
Parsevals Identity
For exponential form
The Parsevals identity
Example 10
Use Parseval theorem to determine sum of number series in
the exercise 1
C
0
=
( ) ) cos 1 (
2
1
2
t
t t
t
n
n
i
e
n
i
c
in
n
= =
2
2
) (
1

}

=
+
=
n
n
L a
a
c x f
L
2
1
0
2
1
1
2
1
) (
2
1
2
0
2
0
2
= + =
} } }

dx dx dx x f
t
t
t
t
t t t
Parseval identity
( )
2
2
2
) cos 1 (
2
1
2 / 1
2
1

=
+ = = t
t
n
n
c
n
n
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + + +
|
.
|

\
|
= ...
7
1
5
1
3
1
1
2
2
1
2 2 2 2
2
t
8 ) 1 2 (
1
2
2
t
=
+

n
So,