Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)

+Vcc Very high differential gain Input 1 + High input impedance Vo Vd Low output impedance Output Provide voltage changes Input 2 (amplitude and polarity) Rin~inf -Vcc Rout~0 Used in oscillator, filter Vo GdVd and instrumentation Accumulate a very high Gd : differential gain normally gain by multiple stages 5

ver large, say10 y
Operational Amplifier 1

IC Product
OFFSET NULL -IN +IN V

1 2 3 4
+

8 7 6 5

N.C. V+ OUTPUT OFFSET NULL

DIP-741

Single-Ended Input
+

~ Vi

+ terminal : Source terminal : Ground 0o phase change

V
i

+ terminal : Ground terminal : Source 180o phase change

Operational Amplifier

Double-Ended Input
V
d

Differential input

Vd V V
between Vo and Vd

0o phase shift change

V
2

Qu: What Vo should be if,

~ V1 ~

V V
1

Ans: (A or B) ?
Operational Amplifier

(A)

(B)

Distortion
+V =+5V
cc

+5V 0 5V

cc

V =5V
The output voltage never excess the DC voltage supply of the Op-Amp
Operational Amplifier 5

Common-Mode Operation
Same voltage source is applied at both terminals Ideally, two input are equally amplified Output voltage is ideally zero due to differential voltage is zero Practically, a small output signal can still be measured
+

Note for differential circuits: Opposite inputs : highly amplified Common inputs : slightly amplified Common-Mode Rejection

Operational Amplifier

Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)

Differential voltage input :

Vd V V
Common voltage input :

Noninverting + Input Output Inverting Input

1 Vc (V V ) 2
Output voltage :

Common-mode rejection ratio:

CMRR Gd G 20 log 10 d (dB) Gc Gc

Vo Gd Vd GcVc
Gd : Differential gain Gc : Common mode gain

Note: When Gd >> Gc or CMRR Vo = GdVd

7

Operational Amplifier

CMRR Example
What is the CMRR?
100V 20V
+

100V 80600V 40V

60700V

Solution :
Vd 1 100 20 80V Vc1 100 20 100 40 60V Vc 2 70V 2 2 From (1) Vo 80Gd 60Gc 80600V From (2) Gd 1000 Vo 60Gd 70Gc 60700V and Gc 10 CMRR 20 log(1000 / 10) 40dB
(1)

Vd 2 100 40 60V

(2)

Operational Amplifier

Op-Amp Properties
(1) Infinite Open Loop gain
The gain without feedback Equal to differential gain Zero common-mode gain Pratically, Gd = 20,000 to 200,000 Input current ii ~0A T- in high-grade op-amp m-A input current in low-grade op-amp act as perfect internal voltage source No internal resistance Output impedance in series with load Reducing output voltage to the load Practically, Rout ~ 20-100
Operational Amplifier

V1 V2
i1~0 i2~0

+
+

Vo

(2) Infinite Input impedance

Vo

(3) Zero Output Impedance

Rout Vo' + Rload

Vo Rload Rload Rout
9

Vload